Automatic detection of power quality disturbances and identification of transient signals. - Aini Hussain; M. H. Sukairi; Azah Mohamed; Ramizi Mohamed (ISSPA, 2001)

Eye detection using hybrid rule based approach and contour mapping. - Salina Abdul Samad; Aini Hussain; Andrew Beng Jin Teoh (ISSPA, 2001)

Theoretic Evidence k-Nearest Neighbourhood Classifiers in a Bimodal Biometric Verification System. - Andrew Teoh Beng Jin; Salina Abdul Samad; Aini Hussain (AVBPA, 2003)

Characterizing nonlinear load harmonics using fractal analysis. - Kingsley C. Umeh; Azah Mohamed; Ramizi Mohamed; Aini Hussain (ISCAS (5), 2004)

Nearest Neighbourhood Classifiers in a Bimodal Biometric Verification System Fusion Decision Scheme. - Andrew Teoh Beng Jin; Salina Abdul Samad; Aini Hussain (J. Res. Pract. Inf. Technol., 2004)

IPQDA: A Software Tool for Intelligent Analysis of Power Quality Disturbances. - Aini Hussain; Azah Mohamed; Mohamad Hanif Md. Saad; Mohd Haszuan Shukairi; Noor Sabathiah Sayuti (Australian Conference on Artificial Intelligence, 2005)

Functional Model of Criminality: Simulation Study. - Sarunas Raudys; Aini Hussain; Viktoras Justickis; Alvydas Pumputis; Arunas Augustinaitis (CONTEXT, 2005)

A Face and Speech Biometric Verification System Using a Simple Bayesian Structure. - Andrew Teoh Beng Jin; Salina Abdul Samad; Aini Hussain (J. Inf. Sci. Eng., 2005)

Wave digital filters with minimum multiplier for discrete Hilbert transformer realization. - Salina Abdul Samad; Aini Hussain; D. Isa (Signal Process., 2006)

An Efficient Segmentation Technique for Known Touching Objects Using a Genetic Algorithm Approach. - Edgar Scavino; Dzuraidah Abdul Wahab; Hassan Basri; Mohd. Marzuki Mustafa; Aini Hussain (Australian Conference on Artificial Intelligence, 2007)

Person Identification Using Lip Motion Sequence. - Salina Abdul Samad; Dzati Athiar Ramli; Aini Hussain (KES (1), 2007)

Score Information Decision Fusion Using Support Vector Machine for a Correlation Filter Based Speaker Authentication System. - Dzati Athiar Ramli; Salina Abdul Samad; Aini Hussain (CISIS, 2008)

Training and analysis of Support Vector Machine using Sequential Minimal Optimization. - Shahrani Shahbudin; Aini Hussain; Salina Abdul Samad; Nooritawati Md. Tahir (SMC, 2008)

Performance Evaluation of a Modified Subband Noise Cancellation System in a Noisy Environment. - Ali O. Abid Noor; Salina Abdul Samad; Aini Hussain (ICINCO-SPSMC, 2009)

Inter-frame Enhancement of Ultrasound Images Using Optical Flow. - Balza Achmad; Mohd. Marzuki Mustafa; Aini Hussain (IVIC, 2009)

Automatic Vertebral Fracture Assessment System (AVFAS) for Spinal Pathologies Diagnosis Based on Radiograph X-Ray Images. - Aouache Mustapha; Aini Hussain; Salina Abdul Samad; Hamzaini bin Abdul Hamid; Ahmad Kamal Ariffin (IVIC, 2009)

Recyclable Waste Paper Sorting Using Template Matching. - Mohammad Osiur Rahman; Aini Hussain; Edgar Scavino; M. A. Hannan; Hassan Basri (IVIC, 2009)

Quasi-Gaussian DCT Filter for Speckle Reduction of Ultrasound Images. - Slamet Riyadi; Mohd. Marzuki Mustafa; Aini Hussain; Oteh Maskon; Ika Faizura Mohd. Noh (IVIC, 2009)

Adaptive-Neuro Fuzzy Inference System for Human Posture Classification Using a Simplified Shock Graph. - Shahrani Shahbudin; Aini Hussain; Ahmed El-Shafie 001; Nooritawati Md. Tahir; Salina Abdul Samad (IVIC, 2009)

An Intelligent Load Shedding Scheme Using Neural Networks and Neuro-Fuzzy. - Ahmed M. A. Haidar; Azah Mohamed; Majid Al-Dabbagh; Aini Hussain; Mohammad A. S. Masoum (Int. J. Neural Syst., 2009)

Performances of Speech Signal Biometric Systems Based on Signal to Noise Ratio Degradation. - Dzati Athiar Ramli; Salina Abdul Samad; Aini Hussain (CISIS, 2010)

Dynamic and Steady State Security Constraints in the Transfer Capability Assessment. - Stendley Busan; Muhammad Murtadha Othman; Ismail Musirin; Azah Mohamed; Aini Hussain (COMPENG, 2010)

Interference control in speech using efficient subband LMS filtering. - Ali O. Abid Noor; Salina Abdul Samad; Aini Hussain (ISSPA, 2010)

Vulnerability control of large scale interconnected power system using neuro-fuzzy load shedding approach. - Ahmed M. A. Haidar; Azah Mohamed; Aini Hussain (Expert Syst. Appl., 2010)

Artificial Intelligence application to Malaysian electrical powersystem. - Ahmed M. A. Haidar; Azah Mohamed; Aini Hussain; Norazila Jaalam (Expert Syst. Appl., 2010)

Dynamic voltage collapse prediction in power systems using support vector regression. - Muhammad Nizam; Azah Mohamed; Aini Hussain (Expert Syst. Appl., 2010)

Performance evaluation of a non-linear error model for underwater range computation utilizing GPS sonobuoys. - Ahmed El-Shafie 001; Abdalla Osman; Aboelmagd Noureldin; Aini Hussain (Neural Comput. Appl., 2010)

System Interface for an Integrated Intelligent Safety System (ISS) for Vehicle Applications. - Mahammad Abdul Hannan; Aini Hussain; Salina Abdul Samad (Sensors, 2010)

Moving object detection using keypoints reference model. - Wan Mimi Diyana Wan Zaki; Aini Hussain; Mohamed Hedayati (EURASIP J. Image Video Process., 2011)

Power quality diagnosis using time frequency analysis and rule based techniques. - M. Faisal; Azah Mohamed; Hussain Shareef; Aini Hussain (Expert Syst. Appl., 2011)

Intelligent computer vision system for segregating recyclable waste papers. - Mohammad Osiur Rahman; Aini Hussain; Edgar Scavino; Hassan Basri; M. A. Hannan (Expert Syst. Appl., 2011)

Fast transient stability assessment of large power system using probabilistic neural network with feature reduction techniques. - Noor Izzri Abdul Wahab; Azah Mohamed; Aini Hussain (Expert Syst. Appl., 2011)

Object identification using DNA computing algorithm. - Mohammad Osiur Rahman; Aini Hussain; Edgar Scavino; M. A. Hannan; Hassan Basri (IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation, 2012)

On analyzing colour constancy approach for improving SURF detector performance. - Mohd Asyraf Zulkifley; Wan Mimi Diyana Wan Zaki; Aini Hussain; Mohd. Marzuki Mustafa (ICDIP, 2012)

Shape deformation descriptor using Fourier analysis. - Adhi Harmoko Saputro; Mohd. Marzuki Mustafa; Aini Hussain; Oteh Maskon; Ika Faizura Mohd. Noh (IJCNN, 2012)

Chromaticity based waste paper grade identification. - Mohammad Osiur Rahman; Aini Hussain; Noor Ezlin Ahmad Basri; Hassan Basri; Edgar Scavino (Int. Arab J. Inf. Technol., 2012)

Feature Selection and Extraction Methods for Power Systems Transient Stability Assessment Employing Computational Intelligence Techniques. - Noor Izzri Abdul Wahab; Azah Mohamed; Aini Hussain (Neural Process. Lett., 2012)

Modulation Techniques for Biomedical Implanted Devices and Their Challenges. - Mahammad Abdul Hannan; Saad M. Abbas; Salina Abdul Samad; Aini Hussain (Sensors, 2012)

Development of a Voice Activity Controlled Noise Canceller. - Ali O. Abid Noor; Salina Abdul Samad; Aini Hussain (Sensors, 2012)

Accuracy Enhancement of Inertial Sensors Utilizing High Resolution Spectral Analysis. - Aboelmagd Noureldin; Justin Armstrong; Ahmed El-Shafie 001; Tashfeen B. Karamat; Donald McGaughey; Michael J. Korenberg; Aini Hussain (Sensors, 2012)

Wireless Sensor Network Prototype for Solid Waste Bin Monitoring with Energy Efficient Sensing Algorithm. - Md. Abdulla Al Mamun; M. A. Hannan; Aini Hussain; Hassan Basri (CSE, 2013)

Probabilistic white strip approach to plastic bottle sorting system. - Mohd Asyraf Zulkifley; Mohd. Marzuki Mustafa; Aini Hussain (ICIP, 2013)

Smoothing the artificial SSVEP response using double exponential smoothing method. - Nor Rashidah Md Juremi; Mohd Asyraf Zulkifley; Aini Hussain (ICSIPA, 2013)

Performances of Invariant Feature Detectors in Real-Time Video Applications. - Mohamed Hedayati; Wan Mimi Diyana Wan Zaki; Aini Hussain; Mohd Asyraf Zulkifley (IVIC, 2013)

Color-Spatial Person Re-identification by a Voting Matching Scheme. - Mohammad Ali Saghafi; Aini Hussain; Halimah Badioze Zaman; Mohamad Hanif Md. Saad (IVIC, 2013)

Face Verification Using Multiple Localized Face Features. - Mohd Ridzuwary Mohd Zainal; Hafizah Husain; Salina Abdul Samad; Aini Hussain (IVIC, 2013)

Enhancement of Background Subtraction Techniques Using a Second Derivative in Gradient Direction Filter. - Farah Yasmin Abdul Rahman; Aini Hussain; Wan Mimi Diyana Wan Zaki; Halimah Badioze Zaman; Nooritawati Md. Tahir (J. Electr. Comput. Eng., 2013)

Sudden Event Recognition: A Survey. - Nor Surayahani Suriani; Aini Hussain; Mohd Asyraf Zulkifley (Sensors, 2013)

Human gait state classification using artificial neural network. - Win Kong; Mohamad Hanif Md. Saad; M. A. Hannan; Aini Hussain (CIMSIVP, 2014)

Toward under-specified queries enhancement using retrieval and classification platforms. - Aouache Mustapha; Aini Hussain; Salina Abdul Samad; Mohd Asyraf Zulkifley (CIMSIVP, 2014)

Second order polynomial filter as filtering technique in steady state visual evoked potential's control signal. - Nor Rashidah Md Juremi; Mohd Asyraf Zulkifley; Aini Hussain (ICEIC, 2014)

Real time solid waste bin monitoring system framework using wireless sensor network. - Md. Abdulla Al Mamun; M. A. Hannan; Aini Hussain (ICEIC, 2014)

Multi-agent event detection system using k-nearest neighbor classifier. - Nor Surayahani Suriani; Aini Hussain; Mohd Asyraf Zulkifley (ICEIC, 2014)

On analyzing optic disc extraction through weighted colour models. - Mohd Asyraf Zulkifley; Aini Hussain; Mohd. Marzuki Mustafa; Aouache Mustapha (ICEIC, 2014)

DNA computation algorithm for recyclable waste paper sorting. - Mohammad Osiur Rahman; Aini Hussain; Edgar Scavino; M. A. Hannan; Hassan Basri (Comput. Syst. Sci. Eng., 2014)

Review of person re-identification techniques. - Mohammad Ali Saghafi; Aini Hussain; Halimah Badioze Zaman; Mohamad Hanif Md. Saad (IET Comput. Vis., 2014)

Automatic Frequency Controller for Power Amplifiers Used in Bio-Implanted Applications: Issues and Challenges. - Mahammad Abdul Hannan; Hussein A. Hussein; Saad Mutashar; Salina Abdul Samad; Aini Hussain (Sensors, 2014)

Analysis and Optimization of Spiral Circular Inductive Coupling Link for Bio-Implanted Applications on Air and within Human Tissue. - Saad Mutashar; M. A. Hannan; Salina Abdul Samad; Aini Hussain (Sensors, 2014)

Real Time Object Oriented 6-Point Skeleton Extraction Component from Human Silhouette for Video Surveillance and Analysis Application. - Mohamad Hanif Md. Saad; Muhammad Faiz Mohd Shukri; Win Kong; Wan Noor Aziezan Baharuddin; Aini Hussain (IVIC, 2015)

DNA computer based algorithm for recyclable waste paper segregation. - Mohammad Osiur Rahman; Aini Hussain; Edgar Scavino; M. A. Hannan; Hassan Basri (Appl. Soft Comput., 2015)

Diabetic retinopathy assessment: Towards an automated system. - Wan Mimi Diyana Wan Zaki; Mohd Asyraf Zulkifley; Aini Hussain; W. Haslina W. A. Halim; N. Badariah A. Mustafa; Lim Sin Ting (Biomed. Signal Process. Control., 2016)

Theoretical model and implementation of a real time intelligent bin status monitoring system using rule based decision algorithms. - Md. Abdulla Al Mamun; M. A. Hannan; Aini Hussain; Hassan Basri (Expert Syst. Appl., 2016)

RBFNN versus FFNN for daily river flow forecasting at Johor River, Malaysia. - Zaher Mundher Yaseen; Ahmed El-Shafie 001; Haitham Abdulmohsin Afan; Mohammed Majeed Hameed; Wan Hanna Melini Wan Mohtar; Aini Hussain (Neural Comput. Appl., 2016)

Vessel extraction in retinal images using automatic thresholding and Gabor Wavelet. - Aziah Ali; Aini Hussain; Wan Mimi Diyana Wan Zaki (EMBC, 2017)

Application of artificial intelligence (AI) techniques in water quality index prediction: a case study in tropical region, Malaysia. - Mohammed Majeed Hameed; Saadi Shartooh Sharqi; Zaher Mundher Yaseen; Haitham Abdulmohsin Afan; Aini Hussain; Ahmed El-Shafie 001 (Neural Comput. Appl., 2017)

Extreme Learning Machine for SOC Estimation of Lithium-ion battery Using Gravitational Search Algorithm. - Molla S. Hossain Lipu; M. A. Hannan; Aini Hussain; Mohamad Hanif Md. Saad; Afida Ayob; M. Nasir Uddin (IAS, 2018)

Connected Ocular Screening System Using Smartphones. - Marizuana Mat Daud; Wan Mimi Diyana Wan Zaki; Aini Hussain; Wan Siti Halimatul Munirah Wan Ahmad; Haliza Abdul Mutalib (ICKII, 2018)

Review of Energy Storage System Technologies in Microgrid Applications: Issues and Challenges. - Mohammad Faisal; Mahammad Abdul Hannan; Pin Jern Ker; Aini Hussain; Muhamad Bin Mansor; Frede Blaabjerg (IEEE Access, 2018)

A Quantum Lightning Search Algorithm-Based Fuzzy Speed Controller for Induction Motor Drive. - Mahammad Abdul Hannan; Jamal Abd Ali; Aini Hussain; Fazida Hanim Hasim; Ungku Anisa Ungku Amirulddin; Mohammad Nasir Uddin; Frede Blaabjerg (IEEE Access, 2018)

Switching Techniques and Intelligent Controllers for Induction Motor Drive: Issues and Recommendations. - Mahammad Abdul Hannan; Jamal Abd Ali; Pin Jern Ker; Azah Mohamed; Molla S. Hossain Lipu; Aini Hussain (IEEE Access, 2018)

State-of-the-Art and Energy Management System of Lithium-Ion Batteries in Electric Vehicle Applications: Issues and Recommendations. - Mahammad Abdul Hannan; Md. Murshadul Hoque; Aini Hussain; Yushaizad Yusof; Pin Jern Ker (IEEE Access, 2018)

Advanced Control Strategies of VSC Based HVDC Transmission System: Issues and Potential Recommendations. - M. A. Hannan; I. Hussin; Pin Jern Ker; Md. Murshadul Hoque; Molla S. Hossain Lipu; Aini Hussain; Mohamed Abdur Rahman; C. W. M. Faizal; Frede Blaabjerg (IEEE Access, 2018)

Neural Network Approach for Estimating State of Charge of Lithium-Ion Battery Using Backtracking Search Algorithm. - Mahammad Abdul Hannan; Molla S. Hossain Lipu; Aini Hussain; Mohamad Hanif Md. Saad; Afida Ayob (IEEE Access, 2018)

State of Charge Estimation for Lithium-Ion Battery Using Recurrent NARX Neural Network Model Based Lighting Search Algorithm. - Molla S. Hossain Lipu; Mahammad Abdul Hannan; Aini Hussain; Mohamad Hanif Md. Saad; Afida Ayob; Frede Blaabjerg (IEEE Access, 2018)

Automated pterygium detection method of anterior segment photographed images. - Wan Mimi Diyana Wan Zaki; Marizuana Mat Daud; Siti Raihanah Abdani; Aini Hussain; Haliza Abdul Mutalib (Comput. Methods Programs Biomed., 2018)

Anterior osteoporosis classification in cervical vertebrae using fuzzy decision tree. - Aouache Mustapha; Aini Hussain; Mohd Asyraf Zulkifley; Wan Mimi Diyana Wan Zaki; Hafizah Husain; Hamzaini bin Abdul Hamid (Multim. Tools Appl., 2018)

Lithium-ion Battery State of Charge Estimation Method Using Optimized Deep Recurrent Neural Network Algorithm. - Molla S. Hossain Lipu; M. A. Hannan; Aini Hussain; Mohamad Hanif Md. Saad; Afida Ayob; Kashem M. Muttaqi (IAS, 2019)

Compact Convolutional Neural Networks for Pterygium Classification using Transfer Learning. - Siti Raihanah Abdani; Mohd Asyraf Zulkifley; Aini Hussain (ICSIPA, 2019)

Binary Particle Swarm Optimization for Scheduling MG Integrated Virtual Power Plant Toward Energy Saving. - M. A. Hannan; Maher G. M. Abdolrasol; Mohammad Faisal; Pin Jern Ker; R. A. Begum; Aini Hussain (IEEE Access, 2019)

Fuzzy Logic Inverter Controller in Photovoltaic Applications: Issues and Recommendations. - Mahammad Abdul Hannan; Zamre ABD. Ghani; Md. Murshadul Hoque; Pin Jern Ker; Aini Hussain; Azah Mohamed (IEEE Access, 2019)

An automated glaucoma screening system using cup-to-disc ratio via Simple Linear Iterative Clustering superpixel approach. - Nur Ayuni Mohamed; Mohd Asyraf Zulkifley; Wan Mimi Diyana Wan Zaki; Aini Hussain (Biomed. Signal Process. Control., 2019)

CBIR-DSN: integrating clustering and retrieval platforms for disk space narrowing degradation assessment. - Aouache Mustapha; Aini Hussain; Wan Siti Halimatul Munirah Wan Ahmad; Wan Mimi Diyana Wan Zaki; Hamzaini bin Abdul Hamid (Multim. Tools Appl., 2019)

Vision-Based Traffic Sign Detection and Recognition Systems: Current Trends and Challenges. - Safat B. Wali; Majid Abdullateef Abdullah; Mahammad Abdul Hannan; Aini Hussain; Salina Abdul Samad; Pin Jern Ker; Muhamad Bin Mansor (Sensors, 2019)

Keratoconus Detection Using the Fusion Features of Anterior and Lateral Segment Photographed Images. - Marizuana Mat Daud; Wan Mimi Diyana Wan Zaki; Aini Hussain; Haliza Abdul Mutalib (IEEE Access, 2020)

Automated Pterygium Detection Using Deep Neural Network. - N. Syahira M. Zamani; Wan Mimi Diyana Wan Zaki; Aqilah Baseri Huddin; Aini Hussain; Haliza Abdul Mutalib; Aziah Ali (IEEE Access, 2020)

Automated sorting of recycled paper using smart image processing. - Mohammad Osiur Rahman; Aini Hussain; Hassan Basri (Autom., 2020)

Application of complex event processing approaches for intelligent building development: A review. - Mohamad Hanif Md. Saad; Mahidur R. Sarker; Aini Hussain (J. Ambient Intell. Smart Environ., 2020)

A Comparative Analysis of Lithium Ion Battery Input Profiles for Remaining Useful Life Prediction by Cascade Forward Neural Network. - Shaheer Ansari; Afida Ayob; Molla S. Hossain Lipu; Mohamad Hanif Md. Saad; Aini Hussain (AIIoT, 2021)

Differential Search Optimized Random Forest Regression Algorithm for State of Charge Estimation in Electric Vehicle Batteries. - Molla S. Hossain Lipu; M. A. Hannan; Aini Hussain; Shaheer Ansari; Afida Ayob; Mohamad Hanif Md. Saad; Kashem M. Muttaqi (IAS, 2021)

Self-Charging Technique for DC-Link Capacitor Voltage Control: A Review. - Nurul Farhana Abdul Hamid; Muhammad Ammirrul Atiqi Mohd Zainuri; Aini Hussain (ICEEI, 2021)

Implementation of Maximum Power Point Tracking Techniques for PV-Wind Hybrid Energy System: A Review. - Saidatul Shema Saad; Muhammad Ammirrul Atiqi Mohd Zainuri; Aini Hussain (ICEEI, 2021)

Internet of Things (IoT) Enhanced Educational Toolkit for Teaching & Learning of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM). - Kaiser Habib; Elson Ee Teng Kai; Mohamad Hanif Md. Saad; Aini Hussain; Afida Ayob; Ammar Syafiq Sabaahul Ahmad (ICSET, 2021)

Artificial Intelligence Based Hybrid Forecasting Approaches for Wind Power Generation: Progress, Challenges and Prospects. - Molla S. Hossain Lipu; Md. Sazal Miah; M. A. Hannan; Aini Hussain; Mahidur R. Sarker; Afida Ayob; Mohamad Hanif Md. Saad; Md. Sultan Mahmud (IEEE Access, 2021)

Fault Detection and Protection Schemes for Distributed Generation Integrated to Distribution Network: Challenges and Suggestions. - Younis M. Nsaif; Molla S. Hossain Lipu; Afida Ayob; Yushaizad Yusof; Aini Hussain (IEEE Access, 2021)

Activities Recognition, Anomaly Detection and Next Activity Prediction Based on Neural Networks in Smart Homes. - Khaled A. Alaghbari; Mohamad Hanif Md. Saad; Aini Hussain; Muhammad Raisul Alam (IEEE Access, 2022)

Energy Storage Controllers and Optimization Schemes Integration to Microgrid: An Analytical Assessment Towards Future Perspectives. - Md. Sazal Miah; Molla S. Hossain Lipu; Shaheer Ansari; Sheikh Tanzim Meraj; Kamrul Hasan; Ammar Masaoud; Aini Hussain; Md. Sultan Mahmud; Shikder Shafiul Bashar (IEEE Access, 2022)

Complex event processing for physical and cyber security in datacentres - recent progress, challenges and recommendations. - Khaled A. Alaghbari; Mohamad Hanif Md. Saad; Aini Hussain; Muhammad Raisul Alam (J. Cloud Comput., 2022)

Towards a Connected Mobile Cataract Screening System: A Future Approach. - Wan Mimi Diyana Wan Zaki; Haliza Abdul Mutalib; Laily Azyan Ramlan; Aini Hussain; Aouache Mustapha (J. Imaging, 2022)

An Aggregated Data Integration Approach to the Web and Cloud Platforms through a Modular REST-Based OPC UA Middleware. - Kaiser Habib; Mohamad Hanif Md. Saad; Aini Hussain; Mahidur R. Sarker; Khaled A. Alaghbari (Sensors, 2022)

Real-Time State of Charge Estimation of Lithium-Ion Batteries Using Optimized Random Forest Regression Algorithm. - Molla S. Hossain Lipu; M. A. Hannan; Aini Hussain; Shaheer Ansari; S. A. Rahman 001; Mohamad Hanif Md. Saad; Kashem M. Muttaqi (IEEE Trans. Intell. Veh., 2023)

A review of expert hybrid and co-estimation techniques for SOH and RUL estimation in battery management system with electric vehicle application. - Turki Alsuwian; Shaheer Ansari; Muhammad Ammirrul Atiqi Mohd Zainuri; Afida Ayob; Aini Hussain; Molla S. Hossain Lipu; Adam Reda Hasan Alhawari; A. H. M. Almawgani; Saleh Almasabi; Ayman Taher Hindi (Expert Syst. Appl., 2024)

Jellyfish optimized recurrent neural network for state of health estimation of lithium-ion batteries. - Shaheer Ansari; Afida Ayob; Molla S. Hossain Lipu; Aini Hussain; Mohamad Hanif Md. Saad (Expert Syst. Appl., 2024)