Design, collaboration, and computation: the design studio as a model for computer supported collaboration in mathematics. - David Williamson Shaffer (CSCL, 1997)

We Built This City: Developing Students' Understanding of Ecology Through the Professional Practice of Urban Planning. - Kelly L. Beckett; David Williamson Shaffer (ICLS, 2004)

Epistemic Frames and Islands of Expertise: Learning from Infusion Experiences. - David Williamson Shaffer (ICLS, 2004)

Berta's Tower: Understanding Physics Through Virtual Engineering. - Gina Navoa Svarovsky; David Williamson Shaffer (ICLS, 2004)

Learning, Testing, and the Evaluation of Learning Environments in Medicine: Global Performance Assessment in Medical Education. - David Williamson Shaffer; James A. Gordon; Nancy L. Bennett (Interact. Learn. Environ., 2004)

Why all CSL is CL: distributed mind and the future of computer supported collaborative learning. - David Williamson Shaffer; Katherine A. Clinton (CSCL, 2005)

Theorizing Games in/and Education. - Richard Halverson; David Williamson Shaffer; Kurt Squire; Constance Steinkuehler (ICLS, 2006)

Press Play: Designing an Epistemic Game Engine for Journalism. - David Hatfield; David Williamson Shaffer (ICLS, 2006)

The Pasteurization of Education. - David Williamson Shaffer; Kurt Squire (ICLS, 2006)

Berta's Tower: Developing Conceptual Physics Understanding One Exploratoid at a Time. - Gina Navoa Svarovsky; David Williamson Shaffer (ICLS, 2006)

Engineering Girls Gone Wild: Developing an Engineering Identity in Digital Zoo. - Gina Navoa Svarovsky; David Williamson Shaffer (ICLS, 2006)

Epistemic frames for epistemic games. - David W. Shaffer (Comput. Educ., 2006)

Reflection in professional play. - David Hatfield; David Williamson Shaffer; Elizabeth Bagley; Aran Nulty; Padraig Nash (ICLS (3), 2008)

When People Get in the Way: Promoting Civic Thinking Through Epistemic Gameplay. - Elizabeth Bagley; David Williamson Shaffer (Int. J. Gaming Comput. Mediat. Simulations, 2009)

The epistemography of urban and regional planning 912: appropriation in the face of resistance. - Elizabeth Bagley; David Williamson Shaffer (ICLS (1), 2010)

The epistemography of journalism 335: complexity in developing journalistic expertise. - David Hatfield; David Williamson Shaffer (ICLS (1), 2010)

Collaborating in a Virtual Engineering Internship. - Cynthia D'Angelo; Golnaz Arastoopour; Naomi C. Chesler; David Williamson Shaffer (CSCL, 2011)

Mentor modeling: the internalization of modeled professional thinking in an epistemic game. - Padraig Nash; David Williamson Shaffer (J. Comput. Assist. Learn., 2011)

Epistemic Mentoring in Virtual and Face-to-Face Environments. - Elizabeth Bagley; David Williamson Shaffer (ICLS, 2012)

Exploring Connectedness: Applying ENA to Teacher Knowledge. - Chandra Hawley Orrill; David Williamson Shaffer (ICLS, 2012)

AutoMentor: Artificial Intelligent Mentor in Educational Game. - Jin Wang; Haiying Li; Zhiqiang Cai 002; Fazel Keshtkar; Arthur C. Graesser; David Williamson Shaffer (AIED, 2013)

A Simulation-Based Approach for Increasing Women in Engineering. - Golnaz Arastoopour; Naomi C. Chesler; David Williamson Shaffer (CSCL (2), 2013)

Measuring Social Identity Development in Epistemic Games. - Golnaz Arastoopour Irgens; David Williamson Shaffer (CSCL (1), 2013)

Epistemic Trajectories: Mentoring in a Game Design Practicum. - Padraig Nash; David Williamson Shaffer (CSCL (1), 2013)

Measuring Collaborative Thinking Using Epistemic Network Analysis. - David Williamson Shaffer; Chandra Hawley Orrill; Golnaz Arastoopour (CSCL (2), 2013)

Automating the Mentor in a Serious Game: A Discourse Analysis Using Finite State Machines. - Brent Morgan; Fazel Keshtkar; Arthur C. Graesser; David Williamson Shaffer (HCI (29), 2013)

Epistemic Networks for Epistemic Commitments. - Simon Knight 001; Golnaz Arastoopour; David Williamson Shaffer; Simon Buckingham Shum; Karen Littleton (ICLS, 2014)

Analytics for Learning and Becoming in Practice. - Golnaz Arastoopour; Simon Buckingham Shum; Wesley Collier; Paul A. Kirschner; Simon Knight 001; David Williamson Shaffer; Alyssa Friend Wise (ICLS, 2014)

Question Asking During Collaborative Problem Solving in an Online Game Environment. - Haiying Li; Ying Duan; Danielle N. Clewley; Brent Morgan; Arthur C. Graesser; David Williamson Shaffer; Jenny Saucerman (Intelligent Tutoring Systems, 2014)

Epistemography and Professional CSCL Environment Design. - Golnaz Arastoopour; David Williamson Shaffer (CSCL, 2015)

Stop talking and type: comparing virtual and face-to-face mentoring in an epistemic game. - Elizabeth Bagley; David Williamson Shaffer (J. Comput. Assist. Learn., 2015)

Why Theory Matters More than Ever in the Age of Big Data. - Alyssa Friend Wise; David Williamson Shaffer (J. Learn. Anal., 2015)

Assessing Student-Generated Design Justifications in Virtual Engineering Internships. - Vasile Rus; Dipesh Gautam; Zach Swiecki; David W. Shaffer; Art Graesser (EDM, 2016)

Local Versus Global Connection Making in Discourse. - Wesley Collier; Andrew R. Ruis; David Williamson Shaffer (ICLS, 2016)

A Tutorial on Epistemic Network Analysis: Analyzing the Structure of Connections in Cognitive, Social, and Interaction Data. - David Williamson Shaffer; Wesley Collier; Andrew R. Ruis (J. Learn. Anal., 2016)

Collaborative and Individual Scientific Reasoning of Pre-Service Teachers: New Insights Through Epistemic Network Analysis (ENA). - Andras Csanadi; Brendan R. Eagan; David W. Shaffer; Ingo Kollar; Frank Fischer 001 (CSCL, 2017)

Can We Rely on IRR? Testing the Assumptions of Inter-Rater Reliability. - Brendan R. Eagan; Bradley Rogers; Ronald C. Serlin; Andrew R. Ruis; Golnaz Arastoopour Irgens; David Williamson Shaffer (CSCL, 2017)

Epistemic Network Analysis and Topic Modeling for Chat Data from Collaborative Learning Environment. - Zhiqiang Cai 002; Brendan R. Eagan; Nia Dowell; James W. Pennebaker; Arthur C. Graesser; David W. Shaffer (EDM, 2017)

Modeling Classifiers for Virtual Internships Without Participant Data. - Dipesh Gautam; Zachari Swiecki; David W. Shaffer; Vasile Rus; Arthur C. Graesser (EDM, 2017)

Markov Analysis of Students' Professional Skills in Virtual Internships. - Vasile Rus; Dipesh Gautam; Dale Bowman; Arthur C. Graesser; David W. Shaffer (FLAIRS, 2017)

Data-enabled cognitive modeling: Validating student engineers' fuzzy design-based decision-making in a virtual design problem. - Golnaz Arastoopour Irgens; Naomi C. Chesler; Jeffrey T. Linderoth; David Williamson Shaffer (Comput. Appl. Eng. Educ., 2017)

Automating the Detection of Reflection-on-Action. - Jenny Saucerman; Andrew R. Ruis; David Williamson Shaffer (J. Learn. Anal., 2017)

Gaining Insight by Transforming Between Temporal Representations of Human Interaction. - Kristine Lund; Matthieu Quignard; David Williamson Shaffer (J. Learn. Anal., 2017)

In Search of Conversational Grain Size: Modeling Semantic Structure using Moving Stanza Windows. - Amanda Lee Siebert-Evenstone; Golnaz Arastoopour Irgens; Wesley Collier; Zachari Swiecki; Andrew R. Ruis; David Williamson Shaffer (J. Learn. Anal., 2017)

Impact of Corpus Size and Dimensionality of LSA Spaces from Wikipedia Articles on AutoTutor Answer Evaluation. - Zhiqiang Cai 002; Art Graesser; Leah Windsor; Qinyu Cheng; David W. Shaffer; Xiangen Hu (EDM, 2018)

A Method for Determining the Extent of Recent Temporal Context in Analyses of Complex, Collaborative Thinking. - Andrew R. Ruis; Amanda Siebert-Evenstone; Rebecca Pozen; Brendan R. Eagan; David Williamson Shaffer (ICLS, 2018)

Toward a Taxonomy of Team Performance Visualization Tools. - Zachari Swiecki; David W. Shaffer (ICLS, 2018)

Virtual Learning Environments for Promoting Self Transformation: Iterative Design and Implementation of Philadelphia Land Science. - Aroutis Foster; Mamta Shah; Amanda Barany; Mark Eugene Petrovich Jr.; Jessica Cellitti; Migela Duka; Zachari Swiecki; Amanda Siebert-Evenstone; Hannah Kinley; Peter Quigley; David Williamson Shaffer (iLRN, 2018)

Supporting teachers' intervention in students' virtual collaboration using a network based model. - Tiffany Herder; Zachari Swiecki; Simon Skov Fougt; Andreas Lindenskov Tamborg; Benjamin Brink Allsopp; David Williamson Shaffer; Morten Misfeldt (LAK, 2018)

A network analytic approach to gaze coordination during a collaborative task. - Sean Andrist; Andrew R. Ruis; David Williamson Shaffer (Comput. Hum. Behav., 2018)

When coding-and-counting is not enough: using epistemic network analysis (ENA) to analyze verbal data in CSCL research. - Andras Csanadi; Brendan R. Eagan; Ingo Kollar; David Williamson Shaffer; Frank Fischer 001 (Int. J. Comput. Support. Collab. Learn., 2018)

The Binary Replicate Test: Determining the Sensitivity of CSCL Models to Coding Error. - Brendan R. Eagan; Zachari Swiecki; Cayley Farrell; David W. Shaffer (CSCL, 2019)

Finding Common Ground: A Method for Measuring Recent Temporal Context in Analyses of Complex, Collaborative Thinking. - Andrew R. Ruis; Amanda Siebert-Evenstone; Rebecca Pozen; Brendan R. Eagan; David W. Shaffer (CSCL, 2019)

Location, Location, Location: The Effects of Place in Place-Based Simulations. - Amanda Siebert-Evenstone; David W. Shaffer (CSCL, 2019)

Reading for Breadth, Reading for Depth: Understanding the Relationship Between Reading and Complex Thinking Using Epistemic Network Analysis. - Hanall Sung; Shengyang Cao; Andrew R. Ruis; David W. Shaffer (CSCL, 2019)

Does Order Matter? Investigating Sequential and Cotemporal Models of Collaboration. - Zachari Swiecki; Zheming Lian; Andrew R. Ruis; David W. Shaffer (CSCL, 2019)

nCoder+: A Semantic Tool for Improving Recall of nCoder Coding. - Zhiqiang Cai 002; Amanda Siebert-Evenstone; Brendan R. Eagan; David Williamson Shaffer; Xiangen Hu; Arthur C. Graesser (ICQE, 2019)

Cause and Because: Using Epistemic Network Analysis to Model Causality in the Next Generation Science Standards. - Amanda Siebert-Evenstone; David Williamson Shaffer (ICQE, 2019)

Designing an Interface for Sharing Quantitative Ethnographic Research Data. - Zachari Swiecki; Cody Marquart; Arjun Sachar; Cesar Hinojosa; Andrew R. Ruis; David Williamson Shaffer (ICQE, 2019)

Understanding when students are active-in-thinking through modeling-in-context. - Zachari Swiecki; Andrew R. Ruis; Dipesh Gautam; Vasile Rus; David Williamson Shaffer (Br. J. Educ. Technol., 2019)

SENS: Network analytics to combine social and cognitive perspectives of collaborative learning. - Dragan Gasevic; Srecko Joksimovic; Brendan R. Eagan; David Williamson Shaffer (Comput. Hum. Behav., 2019)

Collaborative or Simply Uncaged? Understanding Human-Cobot Interactions in Automation. - Joseph E. Michaelis; Amanda Siebert-Evenstone; David Williamson Shaffer; Bilge Mutlu (CHI, 2020)

Pre-Service Teachers' Diagnostic Argumentation: What is the Role of Conceptual Knowledge and Cross-Domain Epistemic Activities? - Elisabeth Bauer; Michael Sailer; Jan Kiesewetter; David Williamson Shaffer; Claudia Schulz 001; Jonas Pfeiffer; Iryna Gurevych; Martin R. Fischer; Frank Fischer 001 (ICLS, 2020)

The Mathematical Foundations of Epistemic Network Analysis. - Dale Bowman; Zachari Swiecki; Zhiqiang Cai 002; Yeyu Wang; Brendan R. Eagan; Jeff T. Linderoth; David Williamson Shaffer (ICQE, 2020)

Trajectories in Epistemic Network Analysis. - Jais Brohinsky; Cody Marquart; Junting Wang 007; Andrew R. Ruis; David Williamson Shaffer (ICQE, 2020)

Using Topic Modeling for Code Discovery in Large Scale Text Data. - Zhiqiang Cai 002; Amanda Siebert-Evenstone; Brendan R. Eagan; David Williamson Shaffer (ICQE, 2020)

Directed Epistemic Network Analysis. - Ariel Fogel; Zachari Swiecki; Cody Marquart; Zhiqiang Cai 002; Yeyu Wang; Jais Brohinsky; Amanda Siebert-Evenstone; Brendan R. Eagan; Andrew R. Ruis; David Williamson Shaffer (ICQE, 2020)

Incorporating Sentiment Analysis with Epistemic Network Analysis to Enhance Discourse Analysis of Twitter Data. - Kamila Misiejuk; Jennifer Scianna; Rogers Kaliisa; Karl Vachuska; David Williamson Shaffer (ICQE, 2020)

Professional Decision Making: Reframing Teachers' Work Using Epistemic Frame Theory. - Michael Phillips; Amanda Siebert-Evenstone; Aaron Kessler; Dragan Gasevic; David Williamson Shaffer (ICQE, 2020)

How We Code. - David Williamson Shaffer; Andrew R. Ruis (ICQE, 2020)

Safety First: Developing a Model of Expertise in Collaborative Robotics. - Amanda Siebert-Evenstone; Joseph E. Michaelis; David Williamson Shaffer; Bilge Mutlu (ICQE, 2020)

Simplification of Epistemic Networks Using Parsimonious Removal with Interpretive Alignment. - Yeyu Wang; Zachari Swiecki; Andrew R. Ruis; David Williamson Shaffer (ICQE, 2020)

Testing the reliability of inter-rater reliability. - Brendan R. Eagan; Jais Brohinsky; Jingyi Wang; David Williamson Shaffer (LAK, 2020)

iSENS: an integrated approach to combining epistemic and social network analyses. - Zachari Swiecki; David Williamson Shaffer (LAK, 2020)

Assessing individual contributions to Collaborative Problem Solving: A network analysis approach. - Zachari Swiecki; Andrew R. Ruis; Cayley Farrell; David Williamson Shaffer (Comput. Hum. Behav., 2020)

Deliberation as an Epistemic Network: A Method for Analyzing Discussion. - Peter Levine; Brendan R. Eagan; David Williamson Shaffer (ICQE, 2021)

Zero Re-centered Projection: An Alternative Proposal for Modeling Empty Networks in ENA. - David Williamson Shaffer; Brendan R. Eagan; Mariah A. Knowles; Clara Porter; Zhiqiang Cai 002 (ICQE, 2021)

Epistemic Network Analysis Visualization. - Yuanru Tan; Cesar Hinojosa; Cody Marquart; Andrew R. Ruis; David Williamson Shaffer (ICQE, 2021)

Neural Recall Network: A Neural Network Solution to Low Recall Problem in Regex-based Qualitative Coding. - Zhiqiang Cai 002; Cody Marquart; David W. Shaffer (EDM, 2022)

CoFrame: A System for Training Novice Cobot Programmers. - Andrew J. Schoen; Nathan Thomas White; Curt Henrichs; Amanda Siebert-Evenstone; David W. Shaffer; Bilge Mutlu (HRI, 2022)

LSTM Neural Network Assisted Regex Development for Qualitative Coding. - Zhiqiang Cai 002; Brendan R. Eagan; Cody Marquart; David Williamson Shaffer (ICQE, 2022)

Does Active Learning Reduce Human Coding?: A Systematic Comparison of Neural Network with nCoder. - Jaeyoon Choi; Andrew R. Ruis; Zhiqiang Cai 002; Brendan R. Eagan; David Williamson Shaffer (ICQE, 2022)

Multiclass Rotations in Epistemic Network Analysis. - Mariah A. Knowles; Amanda Barany; Zhiqiang Cai 002; David Williamson Shaffer (ICQE, 2022)

Is QE Just ENA? - David Williamson Shaffer; Andrew R. Ruis (ICQE, 2022)

Ordered Network Analysis. - Yuanru Tan; Andrew R. Ruis; Cody Marquart; Zhiqiang Cai 002; Mariah A. Knowles; David Williamson Shaffer (ICQE, 2022)

Modeling Collaborative Discourse with ENA Using a Probabilistic Function. - Yeyu Wang; Andrew R. Ruis; David Williamson Shaffer (ICQE, 2022)

Towards strengthening links between learning analytics and assessment: Challenges and potentials of a promising new bond. - Dragan Gasevic; Samuel Greiff; David Williamson Shaffer (Comput. Hum. Behav., 2022)

Analysing Verbal Communication in Embodied Team Learning Using Multimodal Data and Ordered Network Analysis. - Linxuan Zhao; Yuanru Tan; Dragan Gasevic; David Williamson Shaffer; Lixiang Yan; Riordan Alfredo; Xinyu Li 004; Roberto Martínez Maldonado (AIED, 2023)

Negative Reversion: Toward Intelligent Co-raters for Coding Qualitative Data in Quantitative Ethnography. - Zhiqiang Cai 002; Brendan R. Eagan; David Williamson Shaffer (ICQE, 2023)

A Lightweight Interactive Regular Expression Generator for Qualitative Coding in Quantitative Ethnography. - Zhiqiang Cai 002; Cody Marquart; Brendan R. Eagan; Yaxuan Xiao; David Williamson Shaffer (ICQE, 2023)

Thin Data, Thick Description: Modeling Socio-Environmental Problem-Solving Trajectories in Localized Land-Use Simulations. - Andrew R. Ruis; Yuanru Tan; Jais Brohinsky; Binrui Yang; Yeyu Wang; Zhiqiang Cai 002; David Williamson Shaffer (ICQE, 2023)

Developing Nursing Students' Practice Readiness with Shadow Health® Digital Clinical ExperiencesrmTM: A Transmodal Analysis. - Yeyu Wang; Mamta Shah; Francisco A. Jimenez; Cheryl Wilson; Muhammad Ashiq; Brendan R. Eagan; David Williamson Shaffer (ICQE, 2023)

Characterising Individual-Level Collaborative Learning Behaviours Using Ordered Network Analysis and Wearable Sensors. - Lixiang Yan; Yuanru Tan; Zachari Swiecki; Dragan Gasevic; David Williamson Shaffer; Linxuan Zhao; Xinyu Li 004; Roberto Martínez Maldonado (ICQE, 2023)

Qualitative Parameter Triangulation: A Formulated Approach to Parameterize Multimodal Models. - Yeyu Wang; Andrew R. Ruis; David Williamson Shaffer (CrossMMLA@LAK, 2023)

Network Analytics to Unveil Links of Learning Strategies, Time Management, and Academic Performance in a Flipped Classroom. - Mladen Rakovic; Nora'ayu Ahmad Uzir; Wannisa Matcha; Brendan R. Eagan; Jelena Jovanovic 001; David Williamson Shaffer; Abelardo Pardo; Dragan Gasevic (J. Learn. Anal., 2023)

Dissecting learning tactics in MOOC using ordered network analysis. - Yizhou Fan; Yuanru Tan; Mladen Rakovic; Yeyu Wang; Zhiqiang Cai 002; David Williamson Shaffer; Dragan Gasevic (J. Comput. Assist. Learn., 2023)

Revealing Networks: Understanding Effective Teacher Practices in AI-Supported Classrooms using Transmodal Ordered Network Analysis. - Conrad Borchers; Yeyu Wang; Shamya Karumbaiah; Muhammad Ashiq; David Williamson Shaffer; Vincent Aleven (LAK, 2024)

Unveiling joint attention dynamics: Examining multimodal engagement in an immersive collaborative astronomy simulation. - Jina Kang; Yiqiu Zhou; Robin Jephthah Rajarathinam; Yuanru Tan; David Williamson Shaffer (Comput. Educ., 2024)

iPlan: A Platform for Constructing Localized, Reduced-Form Models of Land-Use Impacts. - Andrew R. Ruis; Carol Barford; Jais Brohinsky; Yuanru Tan; Matthew Bougie; Zhiqiang Cai 002; Tyler J. Lark; David Williamson Shaffer (Multimodal Technol. Interact., 2024)

Team Cognition in Handoffs: Relating System Factors, Team Cognition Functions and Outcomes in Two Handoff Processes. - Abigail R. Wooldridge; Pascale Carayon; Peter Hoonakker; Bat-Zion Hose; David W. Shaffer; Thomas Brazelton; Ben L. Eithun; Deborah A. Rusy; Joshua Ross; Jonathan E. Kohler; Michelle M. Kelly; Scott R. Springman; et al. (Hum. Factors, 2024)

Exploring students' epistemic orientation, learning trajectories, and outcomes. - Pakon Ko; Cong Liu 026; Nancy Law; Yuanru Tan; David Williamson Shaffer (LAK, 2025)

Qualitative Parameter Triangulation: A Conceptual and Methodological Framework for Event-Based Temporal Models. - Yeyu Wang; Zack Carpenter; Zachari Swiecki; David Williamson Shaffer (LAK, 2025)

Examining the Interplay of Gaze and Verbal Interactions in Socially Shared Regulation of Learning: A Transmodal Analysis (TMA) Study. - Andy Nguyen; Yeyu Wang; Ridwan Whitehead; Muhammad Ashiq; Sanna Järvelä; David Williamson Shaffer (J. Learn. Anal., 2025)

Transmodal Analysis. - David Williamson Shaffer; Yeyu Wang; Andrew R. Ruis (J. Learn. Anal., 2025)