The Berlin City Ring - a Testbed for Future Metropolitan Networks. - Wolfgang Fischler; Harald Bock; Patrick Leisching; Alexander Richter; Jörg-Peter Elbers; Christoph Glingener; Detlef Stoll; Tim Welsch; Klaus Jobmann (Photonic Netw. Commun., 2001)

Techno-Economic Analysis of Dispersion-Tolerant Transmission Techniques for 10Gb/s DWDM Systems. - Cornelius Fürst; Helmut Griesser; Jörg-Peter Elbers; Christoph Glingener (OpNeTec, 2004)

PON in adolescence: from TDMA to WDM-PON. - Klaus Grobe; Jörg-Peter Elbers (IEEE Commun. Mag., 2008)

A total-cost-of-ownership analysis of l2-enabled WDM-PONs. - Klaus Grobe; Jörg-Peter Elbers (IEEE Commun. Mag., 2009)

Cost and energy consumption analysis of advanced WDM-PONs. - Klaus Grobe; Markus Roppelt; Achim Autenrieth; Jörg-Peter Elbers; Michael H. Eiselt (IEEE Commun. Mag., 2011)

Advanced multilayer resilience scheme with optical restoration for IP-over-DWDM core networks. - Matthias Gunkel; Achim Autenrieth; Markus Neugirg; Jörg-Peter Elbers (ICUMT, 2012)

From static to software-defined optical networks. - Jörg-Peter Elbers; Achim Autenrieth (ONDM, 2012)

Adaptive Data Rates for Flexible Transceivers in Optical Networks. - Brian Thomas Teipen; Michael H. Eiselt; Klaus Grobe; Jörg-Peter Elbers (J. Networks, 2012)

Extending network virtualization into the optical domain. - Jörg-Peter Elbers; Achim Autenrieth (OFC/NFOEC, 2013)

Coherent Subcarrier-WDM-PON system with SSB modulation and wavelength reuse. - Christoph Kottke; Kai Habel; Michael Eiselt; Helmut Griesser; Jörg-Peter Elbers (OFC/NFOEC, 2013)

First quantum secured 10-Gb/s DWDM transmission over the same installed fibre. - Iris Choi; Yu Rong Zhou; James F. Dynes; Zhiliang Yuan; Andreas Klar; Andrew W. Sharpe; Alan Plews; Marco Lucamarini; Christian Radig; Jorg Neubert; Helmut Griesser; Michael Eiselt; et al. (ECOC, 2014)

Flexible bandwidth 448 Gb/s DMT transmission for next generation data center inter-connects. - Annika Dochhan; Helmut Grießer; Michael Eiselt; Jörg-Peter Elbers (ECOC, 2014)

Software-defined access networks. - Jörg-Peter Elbers; Klaus Grobe; Anthony Magee (ECOC, 2014)

Demonstration of SDN Based Optical Network Virtualization and Multidomain Service Orchestration. - Thomas Szyrkowiec; Achim Autenrieth; Jörg-Peter Elbers; Wolfgang Kellerer; Pawel Kaczmarek; Víctor López 001; Luis Miguel Contreras Murillo; Óscar González de Dios; Juan Pedro Fernández-Palacios; Raul Muñoz 001; Ricard Vilalta; Ramon Casellas; et al. (EWSDN, 2014)

Experimental investigation of discrete multitone transmission in the presence of optical noise and chromatic dispersion. - Annika Dochhan; Laia Nadal; Helmut Griesser; Michael Eiselt; Michela Svaluto Moreolo; Jörg-Peter Elbers (OFC, 2014)

First demonstration of a full C-Band tunable WDM-PON system with novel high-temperature DS-DBR lasers. - Stephan Pachnicke; Jiannan Zhu; Mirko Lawin; Adrian Wonfor; Michael Eiselt; Richard V. Penty; Rosie Cush; Richard Turner; Paul Firth; Mike J. Wale; Ian H. White; Jörg-Peter Elbers (OFC, 2014)

Evaluation of virtualization models for optical connectivity service providers. - Achim Autenrieth; Thomas Szyrkowiec; Klaus Grobe; Jörg-Peter Elbers; Pawel Kaczmarek; Pawel Kostecki; Wolfgang Kellerer (ONDM, 2014)

First demonstration of real-time end-to-end 40 Gb/s PAM-4 system using 10-G transmitter for next generation access applications. - Jinlong Wei; Nicklas Eiselt; Helmut Griesser; Klaus Grobe; Michael Eiselt; Juan Jose Vegas Olmos; Idelfonso Tafur Monroy; Jörg-Peter Elbers (ECOC, 2015)

Investigation of PAM-4 for extending reach in data center interconnect applications. - Brian Thomas Teipen; Nicklas Eiselt; Annika Dochhan; Helmut Griesser; Michael Eiselt; Jörg-Peter Elbers (ICTON, 2015)

Solutions for 80 km DWDM systems. - Annika Dochhan; Helmut Griesser; Michael Eiselt; Jörg-Peter Elbers (OFC, 2015)

Field demonstration of a tunable WDM-PON system with novel SFP+ modules and centralized wavelength control. - Stephan Pachnicke; Stephen Mayne; B. Quemeneur; D. Sayles; H. Schwuchow; Jiannan Zhu; Adrian Wonfor; P. Marx; Mirko Lawin; M. Fellhofer; Richard Turner; P. Neuber; et al. (OFC, 2015)

The frontiers of optical access networks. - Stephan Pachnicke; Michael H. Eiselt; Klaus Grobe; Jörg-Peter Elbers (ONDM, 2015)

Toward flexible optical networks with Transport-SDN. - Thomas Szyrkowiec; Achim Autenrieth; Jörg-Peter Elbers (it Inf. Technol., 2015)

First Demonstration of a WDM-PON System Using Full C-band Tunable SFP+ Transceiver Modules [Invited]. - Jiannan Zhu; Stephan Pachnicke; Mirko Lawin; Stephen Mayne; Adrian Wonfor; Richard V. Penty; Rosie Cush; Richard Turner; Paul Firth; Mike J. Wale; Ian H. White; Jörg-Peter Elbers (JOCN, 2015)

Fronthaul performance demonstration in a WDM-PON-based convergent network. - Zakaria Tayq; Bertrand Le Guyader; Philippe Chanclou; Stéphane Gosselin; D. Abdourahmane; Daniel Philip Venmani; Christelle Aupetit-Berthelemot; Stephan Pachnicke; Michael H. Eiselt; Achim Autenrieth; Jörg-Peter Elbers (EuCNC, 2016)

Real-time evaluation of 26-GBaud PAM-4 intensity modulation and direct detection systems for data-center interconnects. - Nicklas Eiselt; Helmut Griesser; Jinlong Wei; Annika Dochhan; Michael Eiselt; Jörg-Peter Elbers; Juan Jose Vegas Olmos; Idelfonso Tafur Monroy (OFC, 2016)

First real-time 400G PAM-4 demonstration for inter-data center transmission over 100 km of SSMF at 1550 nm. - Nicklas Eiselt; Jinlong Wei; Helmut Griesser; Annika Dochhan; Michael Eiselt; Jörg-Peter Elbers; Juan Jose Vegas Olmos; Idelfonso Tafur Monroy (OFC, 2016)

A flexible, ethernet fronthaul for 5th generation mobile and beyond. - Nathan J. Gomes; Volker Jungnickel; Philippe Chanclou; Jörg-Peter Elbers; Peter Turnbull (OFC, 2016)

Optical Transceivers for Mobile Front-Haul and PON Applications. - Michael H. Eiselt; Jim Zou; Mirko Lawin; Christoph Wagner; Jörg-Peter Elbers (ECOC, 2017)

TSDN-Enabled Network Assurance: A Cognitive Fault Detection Architecture. - Danish Rafique; Thomas Szyrkowiec; Helmut Griesser; Achim Autenrieth; Jörg-Peter Elbers (ECOC, 2017)

Digital pre-emphasis based system design trade-offs for 64 Gbaud coherent data center interconnects. - Danish Rafique; Nicklas Eiselt; Helmut Griesser; Benjamin Wohlfeil; Michael Eiselt; Jörg-Peter Elbers (ICTON, 2017)

Real-time 200 Gb/s (4×56.25 Gb/s) PAM-4 transmission over 80 km SSMF using quantum-dot laser and silicon ring-modulator. - Nicklas Eiselt; Helmut Griesser; Michael Eiselt; Wilfried Kaiser; Saeid Aramideh; Juan Jose Vegas Olmos; Idelfonso Tafur Monroy; Jörg-Peter Elbers (OFC, 2017)

Enabling 64Gbaud coherent optical transceivers. - Danish Rafique; Helmut Griesser; Jörg-Peter Elbers (OFC, 2017)

First Demonstration of Fully Integrated Segmented Driver and MZM in 0.25-µm SiGe BiCMOS employing 112 Gb/s PAM4 over 60 km SSMF. - Benjamin Wohlfeil; Nicklas Eiselt; Pedro Rito; Annika Dochhan; Gilda Raoof Mehrpoor; Danish Rafique; Despoina Petousi; Iria Garcia Lopez; Stefan Lischke; Dietmar Kissinger; Lars Zimmermann; Michael Eiselt; et al. (ECOC, 2018)

Field-Trial Evaluation of Low-Latency and Timing-Accurate 100G Ethernet Aggregator for Converged Mobile X-haul. - Jim Zou; Jörg-Peter Elbers; Raimena Veisllari; Jan Petter Braute; Mickael Fontaine; Steinar Bjornstad; Patrik Ritosa (ECOC, 2018)

Live Demo of Low-Latency and Timing-Accurate Mobile X-haul Based on SDN-Enabled 100G Ethernet Aggregator. - Jim Zou; Raimena Veisllari; Vladimir Vassilev; Jan Petter Braute; Mickael Fontaine; Stefan Zimmermann; Achim Autenrieth; Jörg-Peter Elbers; Steinar Bjornstad (ECOC, 2018)

Next-Generation Optical Fronthaul in the iCirrus Project. - Jörg-Peter Elbers; Jim Zou; Philippos Assimakopoulos; Nathan J. Gomes; Kai Habel; Volker Jungnickel; Gregor Linne; Christoph Juchems; Philippe Chanclou; Patrik Ritosa; Howard Thomas (OFC, 2018)

Improving Achievable Information Rates of 64-GBd PDM-64QAM by Nonlinear Transmitter Predistortion. - Robert Elschner; Robert Emmerich; Carsten Schmidt-Langhorst; Felix Frey; Pablo Wilke Berenguer; Johannes K. Fischer; Helmut Grießer; Danish Rafique; Jörg-Peter Elbers; Colja Schubert (OFC, 2018)

Analytics-Driven Fault Discovery and Diagnosis for Cognitive Root Cause Analysis. - Danish Rafique; Thomas Szyrkowiec; Achim Autenrieth; Jörg-Peter Elbers (OFC, 2018)

Modeling and Design Aspects of a Monolithically Integrated Optoelectronic Chip enabling 64Gbaud Operation. - Danish Rafique; Benjamin Wohlfeil; Gilda Raoof Mehrpoor; Helmut Griesser; Despoina Petousi; Pedro Rito; Iria Garcia Lopez; Lars Zimmermann; Michael Eiselt; Jörg-Peter Elbers (OFC, 2018)

Photonic Integrated Circuits for Data Center Interconnects. - Benjamin Wohlfeil; Gilda Raoof Mehrpoor; Annika Dochhan; Danish Rafique; Michael Eiselt; Jörg-Peter Elbers (PSC, 2018)

Optical Network Programmability - Requirements and Applications. - Achim Autenrieth; Jörg-Peter Elbers; Thomas Szyrkowiec; Pawel Kaczmarek; Wolfgang Kellerer (CoRR, 2018)

Performance Comparison of 112 Gb/s DMT, Nyquist PAM4 and Partial-Response PAM4 for Future 5G Ethernet-based Fronthaul Architecture. - Nicklas Eiselt; Daniel Muench; Annika Dochhan; Helmut Griesser; Michael Eiselt; Juan Jose Vegas Olmos; Idelfonso Tafur Monroy; Jörg-Peter Elbers (CoRR, 2018)

Analysis of WDM-PON for Next-Generation Back- and Fronthaul. - Klaus Grobe; Jörg-Peter Elbers (CoRR, 2018)

Data Center Interconnects at 400G and Beyond. - Michael Eiselt; Annika Dochhan; Jörg-Peter Elbers (CoRR, 2018)

A Converged Evolved Ethernet Fronthaul for the 5G Era. - Philippos Assimakopoulos; Jim Zou; Kai Habel; Jörg-Peter Elbers; Volker Jungnickel; Nathan J. Gomes (IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun., 2018)

Testbed Verification of New Fronthaul Technology for 5G Systems. - Nathan J. Gomes; Philippos Assimakopoulos; Philippe Chanclou; Kai Habel; Volker Jungnickel; Patrik Ritosa; Jim Zou; Jörg-Peter Elbers; Howard Thomas; Gregor Linne; Christoph Juchems (ICC Workshops, 2019)

Recent Trials of G.metro-Based Passive WDM Fronthaul in 5G Testbeds. - Jim Zou; Michael Eiselt; Manuel Alfageme; Juan Agusti; Carles Teres; Paula Ciria; Raimena Veisllari; Mickael Fontaine; Jörg-Peter Elbers (ICC Workshops, 2019)

64-GBd DP-Bipolar-8ASK Transmission Over 120 km SSMF Employing a Monolithically Integrated Driver and MZM in 0.25-μm SiGe BiCMOS Technology. - Gilda Raoof Mehrpoor; Carsten Schmidt-Langhorst; Benjamin Wohlfeil; Robert Elschner; Danish Rafique; Robert Emmerich; Annika Dochhan; Iria Garcia Lopez; Pedro Rito; Despoina Petousi; Dietmar Kissinger; Lars Zimmermann; et al. (OFC, 2019)

A Flexible X-haul Network for 5G and Beyond. - Jörg-Peter Elbers; Jim Zou (OECC/PSC, 2019)

Introduction to the JOCN Special Issue on Latency in Edge Optical Networks. - Jörg-Peter Elbers; Ramon Casellas; David Larrabeiti; Thomas Pfeiffer 001 (JOCN, 2019)

Planning Optical Networks for Unexpected Traffic Growth. - Sai Kireet Patri; Achim Autenrieth; Jörg-Peter Elbers; Carmen Mas Machuca (ECOC, 2020)

Packet Delay Variation Correction for Time Sensitive Networking with Frame Preemption. - Silviu Adrian Sasu; Achim Autenrieth; Jim Zou; Jörg-Peter Elbers (ECOC, 2020)

Metro-Haul Project Vertical Service Demo: Video Surveillance Real-Time Low-Latency Object Tracking. - Annika Dochhan; Johannes K. Fischer; Bodo Lent; Achim Autenrieth; Behnam Shariati; Pablo Wilke Berenguer; Jörg-Peter Elbers (OFC, 2020)

Mitigating Fiber Nonlinearities by Short-Length Probabilistic Shaping. - Tobias Fehenberger; Helmut Griesser; Jörg-Peter Elbers (OFC, 2020)

Exploring Channel Probing to Determine Coherent Optical Transponder Configurations in a Long-Haul Network. - Kaida Kaeval; Danish Rafique; Kamil Blawat; Klaus Grobe; Helmut Grießer; Jörg-Peter Elbers; Piotr Rydlichowski; Artur Binczewski; Marko Tikas (OFC, 2020)

HeCSON: Heuristic for Configuration Selection in Optical Network Planning. - Sai Kireet Patri; Achim Autenrieth; Danish Rafique; Jörg-Peter Elbers; Carmen Mas Machuca (OFC, 2020)

HeCSON: Heuristic for Configuration Selectionin Optical Network Planning. - Sai Kireet Patri; Achim Autenrieth; Danish Rafique; Jörg-Peter Elbers; Carmen Mas Machuca (CoRR, 2020)

Advanced optical access technologies for next-generation (5G) mobile networks [Invited]. - Jim Zou; Silviu Adrian Sasu; Mirko Lawin; Annika Dochhan; Jörg-Peter Elbers; Michael Eiselt (JOCN, 2020)

A QoT Estimation Method using EGN-assisted Machine Learning for Network Planning Applications. - Jasper Müller; Sai Kireet Patri; Tobias Fehenberger; Carmen Mas Machuca; Helmut Griesser; Jörg-Peter Elbers (ECOC, 2021)

Demonstration of Software-defined Key Management for Quantum Key Distribution Network. - Joo Yeon Cho; Jose-Juan Pedreno-Manresa; Sai Kireet Patri; Andrew Sergeev; Jörg-Peter Elbers; Helmut Griesser; Catherine White; Andrew Lord (OFC, 2021)

Black-Box Assessment of Optical Spectrum Services. - Kaida Kaeval; Jörg-Peter Elbers; Klaus Grobe; Marko Tikas; Tobias Fehenberger; Helmut Grießer; Gert Jervan (OFC, 2021)

Estimating Quality of Transmission in a Live Production Network using Machine Learning. - Jasper Müller; Tobias Fehenberger; Sai Kireet Patri; Kaida Kaeval; Helmut Griesser; Marko Tikas; Jörg-Peter Elbers (OFC, 2021)

A Latency-Aware Real-Time Video Surveillance Demo: Network Slicing for Improving Public Safety. - Behnam Shariati; Jose-Juan Pedreno-Manresa; Annika Dochhan; Abubakar Siddique Muqaddas; Ramon Casellas; Óscar González de Dios; Lourdes Luque Canto; Bodo Lent; Jorge E. López de Vergara; Sergio López-Buedo; Francisco Javier Moreno; Pablo Pavón 001; et al. (OFC, 2021)

Channel Performance Estimations with Extended Channel Probing. - Kaida Kaeval; Helmut Griesser; Klaus Grobe; Jörg-Peter Elbers; Marko Tikas; Gert Jervan (CoRR, 2021)

QoT assessment of the optical spectrum as a service in disaggregated network scenarios. - Kaida Kaeval; Tobias Fehenberger; Jim Zou; Sander Lars Jansen; Klaus Grobe; Helmut Griesser; Jörg-Peter Elbers; Marko Tikas; Gert Jervan (JOCN, 2021)

Open-Source Service Management for a Fully Disaggregated Optical Network Simulation. - Sai Kireet Patri; Shabnam Sultana; Michael Dürre; Saquib Amjad; Aijana Schumann; Achim Autenrieth; Jörg-Peter Elbers; Thomas Bauschert; Carmen Mas Machuca (CNSM, 2022)

Demonstration of latency-aware 5G network slicing on optical metro networks. - Behnam Shariati; Luis Velasco 001; Jose-Juan Pedreno-Manresa; Annika Dochhan; Ramon Casellas; Abubakar Siddique Muqaddas; Óscar González de Dios; Lourdes Luque Canto; Bodo Lent; Jorge E. López de Vergara; Sergio López-Buedo; Francisco Javier Moreno; et al. (CoRR, 2022)

Multi-wavelength transponders for high-capacity optical networks: a physical-layer-aware network planning study. - Jasper Müller; Ognjen Jovanovic; Tobias Fehenberger; Gabriele Di Rosa; Jörg-Peter Elbers; Carmen Mas Machuca (JOCN, 2022)

QoT estimation using EGN-assisted machine learning for multi-period network planning. - Jasper Müller; Sai Kireet Patri; Tobias Fehenberger; Helmut Griesser; Jörg-Peter Elbers; Carmen Mas Machuca (JOCN, 2022)

Demonstration of latency-aware 5G network slicing on optical metro networks. - Behnam Shariati; Luis Velasco 001; Jose-Juan Pedreno-Manresa; Annika Dochhan; Ramon Casellas; Abubakar Siddique Muqaddas; Óscar González de Dios; Lourdes Luque Canto; Bodo Lent; Jorge E. López de Vergara; Sergio López-Buedo; Francisco-Javier Moreno-Muro; et al. (JOCN, 2022)

Availability and Throughput Evaluation of Optical Based High Throughput Satellite Networks. - Mario Wenning; Achim Autenrieth; Jörg-Peter Elbers; Carmen Mas Machuca (DRCN, 2023)

Cost-Efficient Capacity Scaling using Multi-Wavelength Transponders and Adaptive Modulation. - Jasper Müller; Gabriele Di Rosa; Achim Autenrieth; Jörg-Peter Elbers; Carmen Mas Machuca (ICTON, 2023)

Service Margins for Wide-Band Optical Spectrum Services Implemented in Long-Haul Raman-Enabled Networks. - Kaida Kaeval; Sai Kireet Patri; Jose-Juan Pedreno-Manresa; Klaus Grobe; Jörg-Peter Elbers; Helmut Griesser; Marko Tikas; Gert Jervan (OFC, 2023)

Experimental Demonstration of ML-Based DWDM System Margin Estimation. - Jasper Müller; Frank Slyne; Kaida Kaeval; Sebastian Troia; Tobias Fehenberger; Jörg-Peter Elbers; Daniel C. Kilper; Marco Ruffini; Carmen Mas Machuca (OFC, 2023)

Towards Optimized Demand Routing in QKD Networks. - Mario Wenning; Sai Kireet Patri; Jasper Müller; Achim Autenrieth; Jörg-Peter Elbers; Piotr Rydlichowski; Carmen Mas Machuca (OFC, 2023)

On the Benefits of Rate-Adaptive Transceivers: A Network Planning Study. - Jasper Müller; Gabriele Di Rosa; Tobias Fehenberger; Mario Wenning; Sai Kireet Patri; Jörg-Peter Elbers; Carmen Mas Machuca (ONDM, 2023)

Machine Learning enabled Fault-Detection Algorithms for Optical Spectrum-as-a-Service Users. - Sai Kireet Patri; Isabella Dick; Kaida Kaeval; Jasper Müller; Jose-Juan Pedreno-Manresa; Achim Autenrieth; Jörg-Peter Elbers; Marko Tikas; Carmen Mas Machuca (ONDM, 2023)

Trusted Node Deployment Strategies for Long-Haul Quantum Key Distribution Networks. - Sai Kireet Patri; Mario Wenning; Shivraj Hanumant Gonde; Achim Autenrieth; Jörg-Peter Elbers; Carmen Mas Machuca (ONDM, 2023)

Comparison of Single-Wavelength and Multi-Wavelength Transponders in a Physical-layer-aware Network Planning Study. - Jasper Müller; Ognjen Jovanovic; Carmen Mas Machuca; Helmut Griesser; Tobias Fehenberger; Jörg-Peter Elbers (CoRR, 2023)

Capitalizing on Next-Generation Optical Communication Systems with Proactive Multi-Period Network Planning. - Jasper Müller; Sai Kireet Patri; Gabriele Di Rosa; Achim Autenrieth; Jörg-Peter Elbers; Carmen Mas Machuca (CoRR, 2023)

Optical Spectrum as a Service in Multi-Operator Environments: Challenges and Enabling Technologies for Transparent Optical Overlay Networks. - Kaida Kaeval; Klaus Grobe; Jörg-Peter Elbers (OFC, 2024)

Optimization of Pilot-Aided Joint Phase Recovery for Frequency Comb-Based Wideband Transmission. - Gabriele Di Rosa; Ognjen Jovanovic; M. Ahmed Leghari; Jasper Müller; Benjamin Wohlfeil; Jörg-Peter Elbers (OFC, 2024)

Coexistence Options and Performance Analysis of 100 Gbit/s Coherent PON in Brownfield DWDM Networks. - Gabriele Di Rosa; Martin Kuipers; Jim Zou; Ognjen Jovanovic; Jörg-Peter Elbers (CoRR, 2024)

Physical-layer-aware multi-band optical network planning framework for rate-adaptive transceivers. - Jasper Müller; Gabriele Di Rosa; Ognjen Jovanovic; Mario Wenning; Achim Autenrieth; Jörg-Peter Elbers; Carmen Mas Machuca (J. Opt. Commun. Netw., 2024)

Techno-Economic Evaluation of Transport Network Architectures for 6G Mobile Systems. - Arantxa Villavicencio Paz; Ronald Romero Reyes; María Lucía Vargas Vivas; Thomas Bauschert; Achim Autenrieth; Jörg-Peter Elbers (IEEE Commun. Mag., 2024)

Low-Complexity 100G Burst-Mode TDMA-CPON Transmission Achieving 38 dB Link Budget. - Gabriele Di Rosa; Ognjen Jovanovic; M. Ahmed Leghari; Martin Kuipers; Jim Zou; Jörg-Peter Elbers (OFC, 2025)

Disaggregated OTN-over-WDM vs. Private Line Emulation based IP-over-WDM Core Networks: A Techno-Economic Comparison. - Arantxa Villavicencio Paz; Ronald Romero Reyes; Thomas Bauschert; Achim Autenrieth; Jörg-Peter Elbers (ONDM, 2025)

Operation of optical spectrum as a service in disaggregated and multi-operator environments [Invited]. - Kaida Kaeval; Klaus Grobe; Jörg-Peter Elbers (J. Opt. Commun. Netw., 2025)