Knowledge representation on the connection machine. - Matthew P. Evett; Lee Spector; Jim Hendler (SC, 1989)

Christopher Cherniak, Minimal Rationality. - Lee Spector; James A. Hendler (Artif. Intell., 1989)

Planning and Reacting Across Supervenient Level of Representation. - Lee Spector; James A. Hendler (Int. J. Cooperative Inf. Syst., 1992)

Supervenience in Dynamic-World Planning. - Lee Spector (1992)

Genetic Programming and AI Planning Systems. - Lee Spector (AAAI, 1994)

Criticism, Culture, and the Automatic Generation of Artworks. - Lee Spector; Adam Alpern (AAAI, 1994)

Ordering Relations in Human and Machine Planning. - Lee Spector; Mary Jo Rattermann; Kristen Prentice (AAAI, 1994)

The Use of Supervenience in Dynamic-world Planning. - Lee Spector; James A. Hendler (AIPS, 1994)

Parallel Knowledge Representation on the Connection Machine. - Matthew P. Evett; James A. Hendler; Lee Spector (J. Parallel Distributed Comput., 1994)

Artificial Intelligence as the Liberal Arts of Computer Science. - Lee Spector (SIGART Bull., 1995)

Ontology-based Web Agents. - Sean Luke; Lee Spector; David Rager; James A. Hendler (Agents, 1997)

New Directions: Automatic Generation of Intelligent Agent Programs. - Lee Spector (IEEE Expert, 1997)

Finding a better-than-classical quantum AND/OR algorithm using genetic programming. - Lee Spector; Howard Barnum; Herbert J. Bernstein; Nikhil Swamy (CEC, 1999)

Partial and total-order planning: evidence from normal and prefrontally damaged populations. - Mary Jo Rattermann; Lee Spector; Jordan Henry Grafman; Harvey Levin; Harriet Harward (Cogn. Sci., 2001)

Size Control Via Size Fair Genetic Operators In The PushGP Genetic Programming System. - Raphael Crawford-Marks; Lee Spector (GECCO, 2002)

Using Genetic Programming with Multiple Data Types and Automatic Modularization to Evolve Decentralized and Coordinated Navigation in Multi-Agent Systems. - Alan J. Robinson; Lee Spector (GECCO Late Breaking Papers, 2002)

Book Review: The Quest for the Quantum Computer. - Lee Spector (Genet. Program. Evolvable Mach., 2002)

Genetic Programming and Autoconstructive Evolution with the Push Programming Language. - Lee Spector; Alan J. Robinson (Genet. Program. Evolvable Mach., 2002)

Tags and the Evolution of Cooperation in Complex Environments. - Lee Spector; Jon Klein; Chris Perry (AAAI Technical Report (2), 2004)

Teaching the evolution of behavior with SuperDuperWalker. - Lee Spector; Jon Klein; Kyle Ira Harrington; Raymond Coppinger (AIED, 2005)

The Push3 execution stack and the evolution of control. - Lee Spector; Jon Klein; Maarten Keijzer (GECCO, 2005)

Validation of evolutionary activity metrics for long-term evolutionary dynamics. - Andrew Stout; Lee Spector (GECCO, 2005)

Emergence of Collective Behavior in Evolving Populations of Flying Agents. - Lee Spector; Jon Klein; Chris Perry; Mark Feinstein (Genet. Program. Evolvable Mach., 2005)

Evolution of artificial intelligence. - Lee Spector (Artif. Intell., 2006)

Genetic Stability and Territorial Structure Facilitate the Evolution of Tag-Mediated Altruism. - Lee Spector; Jon Klein (Artif. Life, 2006)

Unwitting distributed genetic programming via asynchronous JavaScript and XML. - Jon Klein; Lee Spector (GECCO, 2007)

Quantum computing. - Lee Spector (GECCO (Companion), 2007)

Division blocks and the open-ended evolution of development, form, and behavior. - Lee Spector; Jon Klein; Mark Feinstein (GECCO, 2007)

Genetic programming for finite algebras. - Lee Spector; David M. Clark; Ian Lindsay; Bradford Barr; Jon Klein (GECCO, 2008)

Introduction to the Special Issue on genetic programming for human-competitive designs. - Lee Spector (Artif. Intell. Eng. Des. Anal. Manuf., 2008)

Machine invention of quantum computing circuits by means of genetic programming. - Lee Spector; Jon Klein (Artif. Intell. Eng. Des. Anal. Manuf., 2008)

Evolving quantum computer algorithms. - Lee Spector (GECCO (Companion), 2009)

Acknowledgment. - Lee Spector (Genet. Program. Evolvable Mach., 2009)

Evolution of quantum algorithms. - Lee Spector (GECCO (Companion), 2010)

Genetic Programming for Reward Function Search. - Scott Niekum; Andrew G. Barto; Lee Spector (IEEE Trans. Auton. Ment. Dev., 2010)

Innovation is built on the obscure: innovation-enhancing software for uncovering the obscure. - Tony McCaffrey; Lee Spector (Creativity & Cognition, 2011)

Size-based tournaments for node selection. - Thomas Helmuth; Lee Spector; Brian Martin (GECCO (Companion), 2011)

Evolution of reward functions for reinforcement learning. - Scott Niekum; Lee Spector; Andrew G. Barto (GECCO (Companion), 2011)

Fecundity and selectivity in evolutionary computation. - Lee Spector; Thomas Helmuth; Kyle Ira Harrington (GECCO (Companion), 2011)

Tag-based modules in genetic programming. - Lee Spector; Brian Martin; Kyle Ira Harrington; Thomas Helmuth (GECCO, 2011)

How the Obscure Features Hypothesis Leads to Innovation Assistant Software. - Tony McCaffrey; Lee Spector (ICCC, 2011)

Autoconstructive evolution for structural problems. - Kyle Ira Harrington; Lee Spector; Jordan B. Pollack; Una-May O'Reilly (GECCO (Companion), 2012)

Empirical investigation of size-based tournaments for node selection in genetic programming. - Thomas Helmuth; Lee Spector (GECCO (Companion), 2012)

Assessment of problem modality by differential performance of lexicase selection in genetic programming: a preliminary report. - Lee Spector (GECCO (Companion), 2012)

Expressive genetic programming: tutorial: 2012 genetic and evolutionary computation conference (GECCO-2012). - Lee Spector (GECCO (Companion), 2012)

Tag-based modularity in tree-based genetic programming. - Lee Spector; Kyle Ira Harrington; Thomas Helmuth (GECCO, 2012)

Achieving COSMOS: a metric for determining when to give up and when to reach for the stars. - Emma Tosch; Lee Spector (GECCO (Companion), 2012)

Evolving a digital multiplier with the pushgp genetic programming system. - Thomas Helmuth; Lee Spector (GECCO (Companion), 2013)

A behavior-based analysis of modal problems. - Leonardo Trujillo; Lee Spector; Enrique Naredo; Yuliana Martínez (GECCO (Companion), 2013)

Uniform Linear Transformation with Repair and Alternation in Genetic Programming. - Lee Spector; Thomas Helmuth (GPTP, 2013)

Evolving differential equations with developmental linear genetic programming and epigenetic hill climbing. - William G. La Cava; Lee Spector; Kourosh Danai; Matthew Lackner (GECCO (Companion), 2014)

Word count as a traditional programming benchmark problem for genetic programming. - Thomas Helmuth; Lee Spector (GECCO, 2014)

Expressive genetic programming. - Lee Spector (GECCO (Companion), 2014)

Effective simplification of evolved push programs using a simple, stochastic hill-climber. - Lee Spector; Thomas Helmuth (GECCO (Companion), 2014)

Inheritable Epigenetics in Genetic Programming. - William G. La Cava; Lee Spector (GPTP, 2014)

Analyzing a Decade of Human-Competitive ("HUMIE") Winners: What Can We Learn? - Karthik Kannappan; Lee Spector; Moshe Sipper; Thomas Helmuth; William G. La Cava; Jake Wisdom; Omri Bernstein (GPTP, 2014)

Introduction. - Lee Spector (Genet. Program. Evolvable Mach., 2014)

Peer commentary on Wolfgang Banzhaf's "genetic programming and emergence". - Lee Spector (Genet. Program. Evolvable Mach., 2014)

Genetic Programming with Epigenetic Local Search. - William G. La Cava; Thomas Helmuth; Lee Spector; Kourosh Danai (GECCO, 2015)

General Program Synthesis Benchmark Suite. - Thomas Helmuth; Lee Spector (GECCO, 2015)

Comparison of Semantic-aware Selection Methods in Genetic Programming. - Pawel Liskowski; Krzysztof Krawiec; Thomas Helmuth; Lee Spector (GECCO (Companion), 2015)

Lexicase Selection for Program Synthesis: A Diversity Analysis. - Thomas Helmuth; Nicholas Freitag McPhee; Lee Spector (GPTP, 2015)

Solving Uncompromising Problems With Lexicase Selection. - Thomas Helmuth; Lee Spector; James Matheson (IEEE Trans. Evol. Comput., 2015)

Epsilon-Lexicase Selection for Regression. - William G. La Cava; Lee Spector; Kourosh Danai (GECCO, 2016)

The Impact of Hyperselection on Lexicase Selection. - Thomas Helmuth; Nicholas Freitag McPhee; Lee Spector (GECCO, 2016)

Effects of Lexicase and Tournament Selection on Diversity Recovery and Maintenance. - Thomas Helmuth; Nicholas Freitag McPhee; Lee Spector (GECCO (Companion), 2016)

Visualizing Genetic Programming Ancestries. - Nicholas Freitag McPhee; Maggie M. Casale; Mitchell Finzel; Thomas Helmuth; Lee Spector (GECCO (Companion), 2016)

Evolution of Layer Based Neural Networks: Preliminary Report. - Edward R. Pantridge; Lee Spector (GECCO (Companion), 2016)

Evolution Evolves with Autoconstruction. - Lee Spector; Nicholas Freitag McPhee; Thomas Helmuth; Maggie M. Casale; Julian Oks (GECCO (Companion), 2016)

Linear Genomes for Structured Programs. - Thomas Helmuth; Lee Spector; Nicholas Freitag McPhee; Saul Shanabrook (GPTP, 2016)

A Detailed Analysis of a PushGP Run. - Nicholas Freitag McPhee; Mitchell D. Finzel; Maggie M. Casale; Thomas Helmuth; Lee Spector (GPTP, 2016)

Open-Ended Evolution: Perspectives from the OEE Workshop in York. - Tim Taylor 001; Mark A. Bedau; Alastair Channon; David H. Ackley; Wolfgang Banzhaf; Guillaume Beslon; Emily L. Dolson; Tom Froese; Simon J. Hickinbotham; Takashi Ikegami; Barry McMullin; Norman H. Packard; et al. (Artif. Life, 2016)

Inference of compact nonlinear dynamic models by epigenetic local search. - William G. La Cava; Kourosh Danai; Lee Spector (Eng. Appl. Artif. Intell., 2016)

Evolution of algebraic terms 2: Deep drilling algorithm. - David M. Clark; Maarten Keijzer; Lee Spector (Int. J. Algebra Comput., 2016)

Defining and simulating open-ended novelty: requirements, guidelines, and challenges. - Wolfgang Banzhaf; Bert Baumgaertner; Guillaume Beslon; René Doursat; James A. Foster; Barry McMullin; Vinícius Veloso de Melo; Thomas Miconi; Lee Spector; Susan Stepney; Roger White (Theory Biosci., 2016)

Genetic Programming Representations for Multi-dimensional Feature Learning in Biomedical Classification. - William G. La Cava; Sara Silva; Leonardo Vanneschi; Lee Spector; Jason H. Moore (EvoApplications (1), 2017)

Improving generalization of evolved programs through automatic simplification. - Thomas Helmuth; Nicholas Freitag McPhee; Edward R. Pantridge; Lee Spector (GECCO, 2017)

Visualizing genetic programming ancestries using graph databases. - Nicholas Freitag McPhee; Maggie M. Casale; Mitchell Finzel; Thomas Helmuth; Lee Spector (GECCO (Companion), 2017)

Using algorithm configuration tools to optimize genetic programming parameters: a case study. - Nicholas Freitag McPhee; Thomas Helmuth; Lee Spector (GECCO (Companion), 2017)

On the difficulty of benchmarking inductive program synthesis methods. - Edward R. Pantridge; Thomas Helmuth; Nicholas Freitag McPhee; Lee Spector (GECCO (Companion), 2017)

PyshGP: PushGP in Python. - Edward R. Pantridge; Lee Spector (GECCO (Companion), 2017)

Expressive genetic programming: concepts and applications. - Lee Spector; Nicholas Freitag McPhee (GECCO (Companion), 2017)

Recent developments in autoconstructive evolution. - Lee Spector; Eva Moscovici (GECCO (Companion), 2017)

Relaxations of Lexicase Parent Selection. - Lee Spector; William G. La Cava; Saul Shanabrook; Thomas Helmuth; Edward R. Pantridge (GPTP, 2017)

$ε$-Lexicase selection: a probabilistic and multi-objective analysis of lexicase selection in continuous domains. - William G. La Cava; Thomas Helmuth; Lee Spector; Jason H. Moore (CoRR, 2017)

Introduction to the peer commentary special section on "On the Mapping of Genotype to Phenotype in Evolutionary Algorithms" by Peter A. Whigham, Grant Dick, and James Maclaurin. - Lee Spector (Genet. Program. Evolvable Mach., 2017)

A multidimensional genetic programming approach for identifying epsistatic gene interactions. - William G. La Cava; Sara Silva; Kourosh Danai; Lee Spector; Leonardo Vanneschi; Jason H. Moore (GECCO (Companion), 2018)

Program synthesis using uniform mutation by addition and deletion. - Thomas Helmuth; Nicholas Freitag McPhee; Lee Spector (GECCO, 2018)

Specialization and elitism in lexicase and tournament selection. - Edward R. Pantridge; Thomas Helmuth; Nicholas Freitag McPhee; Lee Spector (GECCO (Companion), 2018)

Plushi: an embeddable, language agnostic, push interpreter. - Edward R. Pantridge; Lee Spector (GECCO (Companion), 2018)

Lexicase Selection Beyond Genetic Programming. - Blossom Metevier; Anil Kumar Saini; Lee Spector (GPTP, 2018)

An approach to human-machine collaboration in innovation. - Tony McCaffrey; Lee Spector (Artif. Intell. Eng. Des. Anal. Manuf., 2018)

Evolution of algebraic terms 3: Term continuity and beam algorithms. - David M. Clark; Lee Spector (Int. J. Algebra Comput., 2018)

Lexicase selection in learning classifier systems. - Sneha Aenugu; Lee Spector (GECCO, 2019)

Lexicase selection of specialists. - Thomas Helmuth; Edward R. Pantridge; Lee Spector (GECCO, 2019)

Modularity metrics for genetic programming. - Anil Kumar Saini; Lee Spector (GECCO (Companion), 2019)

Push: genetic programming for finite algebras. - Lee Spector; Nicholas Freitag McPhee; David M. Clark; Ian Lindsay; Bradford Barr; Jon Klein (GECCO (Companion), 2019)

Comparison of Linear Genome Representations for Software Synthesis. - Edward R. Pantridge; Thomas Helmuth; Lee Spector (GPTP, 2019)

Using Modularity Metrics as Design Features to Guide Evolution in Genetic Programming. - Anil Kumar Saini; Lee Spector (GPTP, 2019)

A Probabilistic and Multi-Objective Analysis of Lexicase Selection and ε-Lexicase Selection. - William G. La Cava; Thomas Helmuth; Lee Spector; Jason H. Moore (Evol. Comput., 2019)

Acknowledgment to reviewers. - Lee Spector (Genet. Program. Evolvable Mach., 2019)

Multidimensional genetic programming for multiclass classification. - William G. La Cava; Sara Silva; Kourosh Danai; Lee Spector; Leonardo Vanneschi; Jason H. Moore (Swarm Evol. Comput., 2019)

Effect of Parent Selection Methods on Modularity. - Anil Kumar Saini; Lee Spector (EuroGP, 2020)

Transfer Learning of Genetic Programming Instruction Sets. - Thomas Helmuth; Edward R. Pantridge; Grace Woolson; Lee Spector (GECCO Companion, 2020)

Counterexample-driven genetic programming without formal specifications. - Thomas Helmuth; Lee Spector; Edward R. Pantridge (GECCO Companion, 2020)

Code building genetic programming. - Edward R. Pantridge; Lee Spector (GECCO, 2020)

Why and when are loops useful in genetic programming? - Anil Kumar Saini; Lee Spector (GECCO Companion, 2020)

Genetic Source Sensitivity and Transfer Learning in Genetic Programming. - Thomas Helmuth; Edward R. Pantridge; Grace Woolson; Lee Spector (ALIFE, 2020)

Explaining and Exploiting the Advantages of Down-sampled Lexicase Selection. - Thomas Helmuth; Lee Spector (ALIFE, 2020)

On the importance of specialists for lexicase selection. - Thomas Helmuth; Edward R. Pantridge; Lee Spector (Genet. Program. Evolvable Mach., 2020)

Automatic programming: The open issue? - Michael O'Neill 001; Lee Spector (Genet. Program. Evolvable Mach., 2020)

Acknowledgment to reviewers (2019). - Lee Spector (Genet. Program. Evolvable Mach., 2020)

Evolving neural selection with adaptive regularization. - Li Ding 010; Lee Spector (GECCO Companion, 2021)

GLEAM: genetic learning by extraction and absorption of modules. - Anil Kumar Saini; Lee Spector (GECCO Companion, 2021)

Push. - Lee Spector (GECCO Companion, 2021)

Evolving and Analyzing Modularity with GLEAM (Genetic Learning by Extraction and Absorption of Modules). - Anil Kumar Saini; Lee Spector (GPTP, 2021)

Relationships between parent selection methods, looping constructs, and success rate in genetic programming. - Anil Kumar Saini; Lee Spector (Genet. Program. Evolvable Mach., 2021)

Editorial introduction. - Lee Spector (Genet. Program. Evolvable Mach., 2021)

Acknowledgement to reviewers (2020). - Lee Spector (Genet. Program. Evolvable Mach., 2021)

Going faster and hence further with lexicase selection. - Li Ding 010; Ryan Boldi; Thomas Helmuth; Lee Spector (GECCO Companion, 2022)

Lexicase selection at scale. - Li Ding 010; Ryan Boldi; Thomas Helmuth; Lee Spector (GECCO Companion, 2022)

Evolutionary quantum architecture search for parametrized quantum circuits. - Li Ding 010; Lee Spector (GECCO Companion, 2022)

Functional code building genetic programming. - Edward R. Pantridge; Thomas Helmuth; Lee Spector (GECCO, 2022)

Environments with local scopes for modules in genetic programming. - Anil Kumar Saini; Lee Spector; Thomas Helmuth (GECCO Companion, 2022)

Optimizing Neural Networks with Gradient Lexicase Selection. - Li Ding 010; Lee Spector (ICLR, 2022)

The Environmental Discontinuity Hypothesis for Down-Sampled Lexicase Selection. - Ryan Boldi; Thomas Helmuth; Lee Spector (CoRR, 2022)

Acknowledgment to reviewers (2021). - Lee Spector (Genet. Program. Evolvable Mach., 2022)

Problem-Solving Benefits of Down-Sampled Lexicase Selection. - Thomas Helmuth; Lee Spector (Artif. Life, 2022)

Probabilistic Lexicase Selection. - Li Ding 010; Edward R. Pantridge; Lee Spector (GECCO, 2023)

The Problem Solving Benefits of Down-sampling Vary by Selection Scheme. - Ryan Boldi; Ashley Bao; Martin Briesch; Thomas Helmuth; Dominik Sobania; Lee Spector; Alexander Lalejini (GECCO Companion, 2023)

A Static Analysis of Informed Down-Samples. - Ryan Boldi; Alexander Lalejini; Thomas Helmuth; Lee Spector (GECCO Companion, 2023)

Can the Problem-Solving Benefits of Quality Diversity Be Obtained without Explicit Diversity Maintenance? - Ryan Boldi; Lee Spector (GECCO Companion, 2023)

Particularity. - Lee Spector; Li Ding 010; Ryan Boldi (GPTP, 2023)

Analyzing the Interaction Between Down-Sampling and Selection. - Ryan Boldi; Ashley Bao; Martin Briesch; Thomas Helmuth; Dominik Sobania; Lee Spector; Alexander Lalejini (CoRR, 2023)

Constructor algorithms for building unconventional computers able to solve NP-complete problems. - Tony McCaffrey; Thomas E. Gorochowski; Lee Spector (CoRR, 2023)

Quality Diversity through Human Feedback. - Li Ding 010; Jenny Zhang; Jeff Clune; Lee Spector; Joel Lehman (CoRR, 2023)

Objectives Are All You Need: Solving Deceptive Problems Without Explicit Diversity Maintenance. - Ryan Boldi; Li Ding 010; Lee Spector (CoRR, 2023)

Multi-Objective Evolutionary Architecture Search for Parameterized Quantum Circuits. - Li Ding 010; Lee Spector (Entropy, 2023)

Generational Computation Reduction in Informal Counterexample-Driven Genetic Programming. - Thomas Helmuth; Edward R. Pantridge; James Gunder Frazier; Lee Spector (EuroGP, 2024)

DALex: Lexicase-Like Selection via Diverse Aggregation. - Andrew Ni; Li Ding 010; Lee Spector (EuroGP, 2024)

Solving Deceptive Problems Without Explicit Diversity Maintenance. - Ryan Boldi; Li Ding 010; Lee Spector (GECCO Companion, 2024)

A Comprehensive Analysis of Down-sampling for Genetic Programming-based Program Synthesis. - Ryan Boldi; Ashley Bao; Martin Briesch; Thomas Helmuth; Dominik Sobania; Lee Spector; Alexander Lalejini (GECCO Companion, 2024)

Improving Lexicase Selection with Informed Down-Sampling. - Martin Briesch; Ryan Boldi; Dominik Sobania; Alexander Lalejini; Thomas Helmuth; Franz Rothlauf; Charles Ofria; Lee Spector (GECCO Companion, 2024)

Facilitating Function Application in Code Building Genetic Programming. - Thomas Helmuth; Jayden Fedoroff; Edward R. Pantridge; Lee Spector (GECCO, 2024)

Effective Adaptive Mutation Rates for Program Synthesis. - Andrew Ni; Lee Spector (GECCO, 2024)

Quality Diversity through Human Feedback: Towards Open-Ended Diversity-Driven Optimization. - Li Ding 010; Jenny Zhang; Jeff Clune; Lee Spector; Joel Lehman (ICML, 2024)

Leveraging Symbolic Regression for Heuristic Design in the Traveling Thief Problem. - Andrew Ni; Lee Spector (CoRR, 2024)

Pareto-Optimal Learning from Preferences with Hidden Context. - Ryan Boldi; Li Ding 010; Lee Spector; Scott Niekum (CoRR, 2024)

Informed Down-Sampled Lexicase Selection: Identifying Productive Training Cases for Efficient Problem Solving. - Ryan Boldi; Martin Briesch; Dominik Sobania; Alexander Lalejini; Thomas Helmuth; Franz Rothlauf; Charles Ofria; Lee Spector (Evol. Comput., 2024)

Chief editorship transition. - Lee Spector; Leonardo Trujillo (Genet. Program. Evolvable Mach., 2024)

Dominated Novelty Search: Rethinking Local Competition in Quality-Diversity. - Ryan Bahlous-Boldi; Maxence Faldor; Luca Grillotti; Hannah Janmohamed; Lisa Coiffard; Lee Spector; Antoine Cully (GECCO, 2025)

Adaptive Exploration in Lenia with Intrinsic Multi-Objective Ranking. - Niko Lorantos; Lee Spector (CoRR, 2025)