FPGA Accelerated Computing Platform for MATLAB and C/C++. - Rizwan Rasul; Abdul Mutaal; Nazar Abbas Saqib; Mohammad Kaleem; Arslan Shaukat; Aasia Khanum; Muazzam Ali Khan (FIT, 2013)

Secure Actor Directed Localization in Wireless Sensor and Actor Networks. - Tamleek Ali; Muazzam Ali Khan; Amir Hayat; Masoom Alam; Muhammad Ali (Int. J. Distributed Sens. Networks, 2013)

Survey Based Analysis of Internet of Things Based Architectural Framework for Hospital Management System. - Amna Pir Muhammad; M. Usman Akram; Muazzam Ali Khan (FIT, 2015)

Internet of things based context awareness architectural framework for HMIS. - Amna Pir; M. Usman Akram; Muazzam Ali Khan (HealthCom, 2015)

ECG Based Biometric Identification for Population with Normal and Cardiac Anomalies Using Hybrid HRV and DWT Features. - Muhammad Najam Dar; M. Usman Akram; Arslan Shaukat; Muazzam Ali Khan (ICITCS, 2015)

A Survey of Multicast Routing Protocols for Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks. - Waqar Farooq; Muazzam Ali Khan; Saad Rehman; Nazar Abbas Saqib (Int. J. Distributed Sens. Networks, 2015)

Hybrid Features and Mediods Classification based Robust Segmentation of Blood Vessels. - Amna Waheed; M. Usman Akram; Shehzad Khalid; Zahra Waheed; Muazzam Ali Khan; Arslan Shaukat (J. Medical Syst., 2015)

A Framework for Clustering Cardiac Patient's Records Using Unsupervised Learning Techniques. - Rao Muzamal Liaqat; Bilal Mehboob; Nazar Abbas Saqib; Muazzam Ali Khan (EUSPN/ICTH, 2016)

DeVANET: Decentralized Software-Defined VANET Architecture. - Afza Kazmi; Muazzam Ali Khan; M. Usman Akram (IC2E Workshops, 2016)

Intelligent Actor Mobility with Event Tracking in Wireless Sensor and Actor Networks. - Amna W. Awan; Nazar Abbas Saqib; Muazzam Ali Khan (ICPP Workshops, 2016)

Identification of Heart Failure by Using Unstructured Data of Cardiac Patients. - Muhammad Saqlain; Wahid Hussain; Nazar Abbas Saqib; Muazzam Ali Khan (ICPP Workshops, 2016)

Improving the Robustness of Neural Networks Using K-Support Norm Based Adversarial Training. - Sheikh Waqas Akhtar; Saad Rehman; Mahmood Akhtar; Muazzam Ali Khan; Farhan Riaz; Qaiser Chaudry; Rupert C. D. Young (IEEE Access, 2016)

Person identification using vascular and non-vascular retinal features. - Zahra Waheed; M. Usman Akram; Amna Waheed; Muazzam Ali Khan; Arslan Shaukat; Mazhar Ishaq (Comput. Electr. Eng., 2016)

A Novel Real Time Framework for Cluster Based Multicast Communication in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks. - Waqar Farooq; Muazzam Ali Khan; Saad Rehman (Int. J. Distributed Sens. Networks, 2016)

A new technique for designing 8 × 8 substitution box for image encryption applications. - Fadia Ali Khan; Jameel Ahmed; Jan Sher Khan; Jawad Ahmad 001; Muazzam Ali Khan; Seong Oun Hwang (CEEC, 2017)

Efficient Routing Strategy for Congestion Avoidance in MANETs. - Nousheen Akhtar; Muazzam Ali Khan; Ata Ullah; Muhammad Younus Javed (FIT, 2017)

AAGV: A Cluster Based Multicast Routing Protocol for Autonomous Aerial and Ground Vehicles Communication in VANET. - Waqar Farooq; Muazzam Ali Khan; Saad Rehman; Nazar Abbas Saqib; Muhammad Abbas (FIT, 2017)

Internet of Things data analytics for user authentication and activity recognition. - Samera Batool; Nazar Abbas Saqib; Muazzam Ali Khan (FMEC, 2017)

Botnet Traffic Analysis Using Flow Graphs. - Wahid Hussain; Nazar Abbas Saqib; Muazzam Ali Khan; Wasi Haider Butt (ICBBS, 2017)

The Applications of Natural Language Processing (NLP) for Software Requirement Engineering - A Systematic Literature Review. - Farhana Nazir; Wasi Haider Butt; Muhammad Waseem Anwar; Muazzam Ali Khan Khattak (ICISA, 2017)

An Improved Image Encryption Scheme Based on a Non-Linear Chaotic Algorithm and Substitution Boxes. - Jan Sher Khan; Muazzam Ali Khan; Jawad Ahmad 001; Seong Oun Hwang; Waqas Ahmed (Informatica, 2017)

Security Vulnerabilities and Improvements of SPAM: A Secure Password Authentication Mechanism for Seamless Handover in Proxy Mobile IPv6 Networks. - Mohammad Sabzinejad Farash; Shehzad Ashraf Chaudhry; SK Hafizul Islam; Muazzam Ali Khan Khattak; Aiiad Albeshri (Inf. Technol. Control., 2017)

On Generating High-Quality Random Numbers. - Nazar Abbas Saqib; Muhammad Zia; Hasan Mahmood; Muazzam Ali Khan (J. Circuits Syst. Comput., 2017)

A novel image encryption based on Lorenz equation, Gingerbreadman chaotic map and S8 permutation. - Fadia Ali Khan; Jameel Ahmed; Jan Sher Khan; Jawad Ahmad 001; Muazzam Ali Khan (J. Intell. Fuzzy Syst., 2017)

A compression sensing and noise-tolerant image encryption scheme based on chaotic maps and orthogonal matrices. - Jawad Ahmad 001; Muazzam Ali Khan; Seong Oun Hwang; Jan Sher Khan (Neural Comput. Appl., 2017)

Detection and prevention of Black Hole Attacks in IOT & WSN. - Shoukat Ali; Muazzam Ali Khan; Jawad Ahmad 001; Asad Waqar Malik; Anis Ur Rahman 001 (FMEC, 2018)

A Review: Ubiquitous Healthcare Monitoring with Mobile Phone. - Muhammad Uzair; Muazzam Ali Khan; Shaiza Mann; Muhammad Imran (UEMCON, 2018)

FogNetSim++: A Toolkit for Modeling and Simulation of Distributed Fog Environment. - Tariq Qayyum; Asad Waqar Malik; Muazzam Ali Khan Khattak; Osman Khalid; Samee U. Khan (IEEE Access, 2018)

A novel image encryption scheme based on orthogonal matrix, skew tent map, and XOR operation. - Jawad Ahmad 001; Muazzam Ali Khan; Fawad Ahmed; Jan Sher Khan (Neural Comput. Appl., 2018)

Congestion Aware and Adaptive Routing Protocols for MANETs: A Survey. - Nousheen Akhtar; Muazzam Ali Khan; Ata Ullah; Muhammad Younus Javed (Recent Trends and Advances in Wireless and IoT-enabled Networks, 2019)

A Novel NLP Application to Automatically Generate Text Extraction Concepts from Textual Descriptions. - Imran Ahsan; Mudassar Adeel Ahmed; Saad Rehman; Muhammad Abbas; Muazzam Ali Khan (ICCAI, 2019)

A Partial Ligt-weight Image Encryption Scheme. - Jawad Ahmad 001; Ahsen Tahir; Jan Sher Khan; Muazzam Ali Khan; Fadia Ali Khan; Arshad Ali 003; Zeeshan Habib (UCET, 2019)

Congestion Avoidance for Smart Devices by Caching Information in MANETS and IoT. - Nousheen Akhtar; Muazzam Ali Khan; Ata Ullah; Muhammad Younus Javed (IEEE Access, 2019)

Classification of Melanoma and Nevus in Digital Images for Diagnosis of Skin Cancer. - Muhammad Qasim Khan; Ayyaz Hussain; Saeed Ur Rehman; Umair Khan; Muazzam Maqsood; Kashif Mehmood; Muazzam Ali Khan (IEEE Access, 2019)

Congestion Avoidance in Vehicular Networks: A Contemporary Survey. - Balawal Shabir; Muazzam Ali Khan; Anis Ur Rahman 001; Asad W. Malik; Abdul Wahid (IEEE Access, 2019)

vFog: A Vehicle-Assisted Computing Framework for Delay-Sensitive Applications in Smart Cities. - Syed Sarmad Shah; Muhammad Ali; Asad Waqar Malik; Muazzam Ali Khan; Sri Devi Ravana (IEEE Access, 2019)

Exploiting cooperative sensing for accurate target tracking in industrial Internet of things. - Muneeb Ahmed Khan; Muazzam Ali Khan; Anis Ur Rahman 001; Asad Waqar Malik; Safdar Abbas Khan (Int. J. Distributed Sens. Networks, 2019)

A Comprehensive Study on IoT Based Accident Detection Systems for Smart Vehicles. - Unaiza Alvi; Muazzam Ali Khan Khattak; Balawal Shabir; Asad Waqar Malik; Sher Ramzan Muhammad (IEEE Access, 2020)

Authentication of Remote IoT Users Based on Deeper Gait Analysis of Sensor Data. - Samera Batool; Ali Hassan 001; Nazar Abbas Saqib; Muazzam Ali Khan Khattak (IEEE Access, 2020)

A Novel Blockchain-Based Framework for Vehicle Life Cycle Tracking: An End-to-End Solution. - Toqeer Ali Syed; Muhammad Shoaib Siddiqui; Adnan Nadeem; Ali Alzahrani 001; Salman Jan; Muazzam Ali Khan Khattak (IEEE Access, 2020)

A Lightweight Identity-Based Signature Scheme for Mitigation of Content Poisoning Attack in Named Data Networking With Internet of Things. - Syed Sajid Ullah; Insaf Ullah; Hizbullah Khattak; Muhammad Asghar Khan; Muhammad Adnan 002; Saddam Hussain; Noor Ul Amin; Muazzam Ali Khan Khattak (IEEE Access, 2020)

Emergency Message Dissemination in Vehicular Networks: A Review. - Muhammad Uzair; Muazzam Ali Khan Khattak; Balawal Shabir; Asad W. Malik; Muhammad Sher Ramzan (IEEE Access, 2020)

Robust Method for Semantic Segmentation of Whole-Slide Blood Cell Microscopic Images. - Muhammad Shahzad 003; Arif Iqbal Umar; Muazzam Ali Khan; Syed Hamad Shirazi; Zakir Khan; Waqas Yousaf (Comput. Math. Methods Medicine, 2020)

Robust Method for Semantic Segmentation of Whole-Slide Blood Cell Microscopic Image. - Muhammad Shahzad 003; Arif Iqbal Umar; Muazzam Ali Khan; Syed Hamad Shirazi; Zakir Khan; Waqas Yousaf (CoRR, 2020)

Security, usability, and biometric authentication scheme for electronic voting using multiple keys. - Masood Ahmad; Ateeq Ur Rehman 001; Nighat Ayub; Md Alshehri; Muazzam Ali Khan; Abdul Hameed; Halil Yetgin (Int. J. Distributed Sens. Networks, 2020)

Corrigendum to "Security Measurement in Industrial IoT with Cloud Computing Perspective: Taxonomy, Issues, and Future Directions". - Sahar Shah; Mahnoor Khan; Ahmad Almogren; Ihsan Ali; Lianwen Deng; Heng Luo; Muazzam Ali Khan (Sci. Program., 2020)

Security Measurement in Industrial IoT with Cloud Computing Perspective: Taxonomy, Issues, and Future Directions. - Sahar Shah; Mahnoor Khan; Ahmad Almogren; Ihsan Ali; Lianwen Deng; Heng Luo; Muazzam Ali Khan; Shah Nazir (Sci. Program., 2020)

Toward scalable cloud data center simulation using high-level architecture. - Bukhtawar Elahi; Asad Waqar Malik; Anis Ur Rahman 001; Muazzam Ali Khan (Softw. Pract. Exp., 2020)

Multi-Feature Extraction with Ensemble Network for Tracing Chronic Retinal Disorders. - Muhammad Zubair Khan; Yugyung Lee; Arslan Munir; Muazzam Ali Khan (BIBM, 2021)

Detecting Chronic Vascular Damage with Attention-Guided Neural System. - Muhammad Zubair Khan; Yugyung Lee; Arslan Munir; Muazzam Ali Khan (BIBM, 2021)

ECG Classification using Deep Transfer Learning. - Mohan Kumar Gajendran; Muhammad Zubair Khan; Muazzam Ali Khan Khattak (ICICT, 2021)

Decision Support System to Optimize Cloud Service Prioritization for Model Deployment. - Muhammad Zubair Khan; Yugyung Lee; Muazzam Ali Khan Khattak (ICICT, 2021)

Deep Neural Architectures for Medical Image Semantic Segmentation: Review. - Muhammad Zubair Khan; Mohan Kumar Gajendran; Yugyung Lee; Muazzam Ali Khan (IEEE Access, 2021)

A Stochastic Distribution Based Methodology to Estimate Control Phase Time for Software-Defined Radios in Tactical MANETs. - Rukaiya; Shoab Ahmed Khan; Muhammad Umar Farooq; Muazzam Ali Khan Khattak; Irum Matloob; Irum Nosheen (IEEE Access, 2021)

Early MCI-to-AD Conversion Prediction Using Future Value Forecasting of Multimodal Features. - Sidra Minhas; Aasia Khanum; Atif Alvi; Farhan Riaz; Shoab Ahmad Khan; Fawaz Alsolami 001; Muazzam Ali Khan (Comput. Intell. Neurosci., 2021)

Voting Classifier-based Intrusion Detection for IoT Networks. - Muhammad Almas Khan; Muazzam Ali Khan; Shahid Latif; Awais Aziz Shah; Mujeeb Ur Rehman; Wadii Boulila; Maha Driss; Jawad Ahmad 001 (CoRR, 2021)

Evolution of Target Localization in Wireless Sensor Network (WSN): A Review. - Muneeb Ahmed Khan; Muazzam Ali Khan; Maha Driss; Wadii Boulila; Jawad Ahmad 001 (CoRR, 2021)

Privacy preservation of electronic health records with adversarial attacks identification in hybrid cloud. - Tehsin Kanwal; Adeel Anjum; Saif Ur Rehman Malik; Abid Khan; Muazzam Ali Khan Khattak (Comput. Stand. Interfaces, 2021)

On-demand multi-hop forwarding for sustainable vehicular data transfer network. - Ayoub el Bendali; Anis Ur Rahman 001; Asad Waqar Malik; Muazzam Ali Khan; Sri Devi Ravana (Int. J. Distributed Sens. Networks, 2021)

An end-to-end brain tumor segmentation system using multi-inception-UNET. - Urva Latif; Ahmad Raza Shahid; Basit Raza; Sheikh Ziauddin; Muazzam Ali Khan Khattak (Int. J. Imaging Syst. Technol., 2021)

Blockchain-Enabled healthcare system for detection of diabetes. - Mengji Chen; Taj Malook; Ateeq Ur Rehman 001; Yar Muhammad; Mohammad Dahman Alshehri; Aamir Akbar; Muhammad Bilal 003; Muazzam Ali Khan (J. Inf. Secur. Appl., 2021)

Efficient network selection using multi fuzzy criteria for confidential data transmission in wireless body sensor networks. - Jawaid Iqbal; Arif Iqbal Umar; Noor Ul Amin; Abdul Waheed; Saleem Abdullah; Mahdi Zareei; Muazzam Ali Khan Khattak (J. Intell. Fuzzy Syst., 2021)

Hierarchical Routing Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks: Functional and Performance Analysis. - Muhammad Khurram Khan; Muhammad Shiraz; Qaisar Shaheen; Shariq Aziz Butt; Rizwan Akhtar; Muazzam Ali Khan Khattak; Wang Changda 001 (J. Sensors, 2021)

Research on Sentiment Analysis of Network Forum Based on BP Neural Network. - Yushou Tang; Jianhuan Su; Muazzam Ali Khan (Mob. Networks Appl., 2021)

A Hybrid Approach for Seamless and Interoperable Communication in the Internet of Things. - Rahim Khan; Ihsan Ali; Mian Ahmad Jan; Muhammad Zakarya; Muazzam Ali Khan Khattak; Sultan S. Alshamrani; Mohsen Guizani (IEEE Netw., 2021)

A Deep Learning-Based Intrusion Detection System for MQTT Enabled IoT. - Muhammad Almas Khan; Muazzam Ali Khan; Sana Ullah Jan; Jawad Ahmad 001; Sajjad Shaukat Jamal; Awais Aziz Shah; Nikolaos Pitropakis; William J. Buchanan (Sensors, 2021)

xFogSim: A Distributed Fog Resource Management Framework for Sustainable IoT Services. - Asad Waqar Malik; Tariq Qayyum; Anis Ur Rahman 001; Muazzam Ali Khan; Osman Khalid; Samee U. Khan (IEEE Trans. Sustain. Comput., 2021)

Towards Long - Range Pixels Connection for Context-Aware Semantic Segmentation. - Muhammad Zubair Khan; Yugyung Lee; Muazzam Ali Khan; Arslan Munir (BHI, 2022)

Predicting Episodic Video Memorability using Deep Features Fusion Strategy. - Hasnain Ali; Syed Omer Gilani; Muhammad Jawad Khan; Asim Waris; Muazzam Ali Khan Khattak; Mohsin Jamil (SERA, 2022)

A Novel Chaotic Permutation-Substitution Image Encryption Scheme Based on Logistic Map and Random Substitution. - Jameel Arif; Muazzam Ali Khan; Baraq Ghaleb; Jawad Ahmad 001; Arslan Munir; Umer Rashid; Ahmed Yassin Al-Dubai (IEEE Access, 2022)

IoTAuth: IoT Sensor Data Analytics for User Authentication Using Discriminative Feature Analysis. - Samera Batool; Ali Hassan 001; Muazzam Ali Khan Khattak; Ahsan Shahzad; Muhammad Umar Farooq (IEEE Access, 2022)

A Sequence Mining-Based Novel Architecture for Detecting Fraudulent Transactions in Healthcare Systems. - Irum Matloob; Shoab Ahmed Khan; Rukaiya; Muazzam Ali Khan Khattak; Arslan Munir (IEEE Access, 2022)

On Collective Intellect for Task Offloading in Vehicular Fog Paradigm. - Balawal Shabir; Anis Ur Rahman 001; Asad Waqar Malik; Muazzam Ali Khan (IEEE Access, 2022)

DenseRes-Unet: Segmentation of overlapped/clustered nuclei from multi organ histopathology images. - Iqra Kiran; Basit Raza; Areesha Ijaz; Muazzam Ali Khan Khattak (Comput. Biol. Medicine, 2022)

Supervised and weakly supervised deep learning models for COVID-19 CT diagnosis: A systematic review. - Haseeb Hassan; Zhaoyu Ren; Chengmin Zhou; Muazzam Ali Khan Khattak; Yi Pan; Jian Zhao 025; Bingding Huang (Comput. Methods Programs Biomed., 2022)

Four Severity Levels for Grading the Tortuosity of a Retinal Fundus Image. - Sufian Abdul Qader Badawi; Maen Takruri; Yaman Albadawi; Muazzam Ali Khan Khattak; Ajay Kamath Nileshwar; Emad Mosalam (J. Imaging, 2022)

A novel image encryption scheme based on Arnold cat map, Newton-Leipnik system and Logistic Gaussian map. - Fawad Masood; Wadii Boulila; Abdullah Alsaeedi; Jan Sher Khan; Jawad Ahmad 001; Muazzam Ali Khan; Sadaqat ur Rehman (Multim. Tools Appl., 2022)

A New Intrusion Detection System for the Internet of Things via Deep Convolutional Neural Network and Feature Engineering. - Safi Ullah; Jawad Ahmad 001; Muazzam Ali Khan; Eman H. Alkhammash; Myriam Hadjouni; Yazeed Ghadi; Faisal Saeed; Nikolaos Pitropakis (Sensors, 2022)

HDL-IDS: A Hybrid Deep Learning Architecture for Intrusion Detection in the Internet of Vehicles. - Safi Ullah; Muazzam Ali Khan; Jawad Ahmad 001; Sajjad Shaukat Jamal; Zil E. Huma; Muhammad Tahir Hassan; Nikolaos Pitropakis; Arshad Ali 003; William J. Buchanan (Sensors, 2022)

E-Cardiac Care: A Comprehensive Systematic Literature Review. - Umara Umar; Sanam Nayab; Rabia Irfan; Muazzam Ali Khan; Amna Umer (Sensors, 2022)

Distributed Twins in Edge Computing: Blockchain and IOTA. - Anwar Sadad; Muazzam Ali Khan; Baraq Ghaleb; Fadia Ali Khan; Maha Driss; Wadii Boulila; Jawad Ahmad 001 (IWCMC, 2023)

A Comparison of Re-Sampling Techniques for Detection of Multi-Step Attacks on Deep Learning Models. - Muhammad Hassan Jamal; Naila Naz; Muazzam Ali Khan Khattak; Faisal Saeed; Saad Nasser Altamimi; Sultan Noman Qasem (IEEE Access, 2023)

An Immutable Framework for Smart Healthcare Using Blockchain Technology. - Faneela; Muazzam Ali Khan; Suliman A. Alsuhibany; Walid El Shafai; Mujeeb Ur Rehman; Jawad Ahmad 001 (Comput. Syst. Sci. Eng., 2023)

A federated multi-agent deep reinforcement learning for vehicular fog computing. - Balawal Shabir; Anis Ur Rahman 001; Asad Waqar Malik; Rajkumar Buyya; Muazzam Ali Khan (J. Supercomput., 2023)

Stacked Bin Convolutional Neural Networks based Sparse Low-Rank Regressor: Robust, Scalable and Novel Model for Memorability Prediction of Videos. - Hasnain Ali; Syed Omer Gilani; Muhammad Jawad Khan; Mohsin Jamil; Muazzam Ali Khan Khattak (Multim. Tools Appl., 2023)

TNN-IDS: Transformer neural network-based intrusion detection system for MQTT-enabled IoT Networks. - Safi Ullah; Jawad Ahmad 001; Muazzam Ali Khan; Mohammed S. Alshehri; Wadii Boulila; Anis Koubaa; Sana Ullah Jan; M. Munawwar Iqbal Ch (Comput. Networks, 2023)

Cascaded Network for Multiscale Feature Extraction. - Muhammad Zubair Khan; Muazzam Ali Khan; Belinda Copus (ICHI, 2024)

Semantic Neural Network for Micro-Vessels Extraction. - Muhammad Zubair Khan; Muazzam Ali Khan; Belinda Copus (ICHI, 2024)

UAVs and Blockchain Synergy: Enabling Secure Reputation-Based Federated Learning in Smart Cities. - Syed M. Aqleem Abbas; Muazzam Ali Khan Khattak; Wadii Boulila; Anis Koubaa; Muhammad Shahbaz Khan; Jawad Ahmad 001 (IEEE Access, 2024)

Z-Crypt: Chirp Z-Transform-Based Image Encryption Leveraging Chaotic Logistic Maps and Substitution Permutation Network. - Abdullah Alaklabi; Arslan Munir; Muhammad Asfand Hafeez; Muazzam Ali Khan Khattak (IEEE Access, 2024)

SACNN-IDS: A self-attention convolutional neural network for intrusion detection in industrial internet of things. - Mimonah Al Qathrady; Safi Ullah; Mohammed S. Alshehri; Jawad Ahmad 001; Sultan Almakdi; Samar M. Alqhtani; Muazzam Ali Khan; Baraq Ghaleb (CAAI Trans. Intell. Technol., 2024)

Predicting Device Anomalous Condition in a Collaborated Industrial Environment. - Unaiza Alvi; Asad Waqar Malik; Anis Ur Rahman 001; Muazzam Ali Khan Khattak; Samee U. Khan (IEEE Trans. Ind. Informatics, 2024)

Connected Health Insights for Sustainable Development - Integrating IoT, AI, and Data-Driven Solutions - Shama Siddiqui; Anwar Ahmed Khan; Muazzam Ali Khan Khattak; Raazia Sosan (Springer, 2025)

Optimizing Multi-Layer LSTM Based on Non-Local Spatiotemporal Interactions for Vehicle Trajectory Prediction. - Sidra Rashid; Muazzam Ali Khan; Muhammad Usman Akram; Awais Ahmad 001; Hatoon S. Alsagri; Haya Abdullah Abdulaziz Alhakbani (IEEE Access, 2025)

AI Driven Framework for Need-Based Insurance Plans Generation and Anomaly Detection Using Deep Learning Techniques. - Rabia Rehman; Afia Mazhar; Ayesha Faheem; Irum Matloob; Shoab Ahmad Khan; Sumaira Shaukat; Muazzam Ali Khan Khattak; Anwar Ahmed Khan; Muhammad Shoaib Siddiqui; Shama Siddiqui (IEEE Access, 2025)