A Latent Variable Framework for Scaling Laws in Large Language Models. - Peiyao Cai; Chengyu Cui; Felipe Maia Polo; Seamus Somerstep; Leshem Choshen; Mikhail Yurochkin; Moulinath Banerjee; Yuekai Sun; Kean Ming Tan; Gongjun Xu (CoRR, 2025)