Security Analysis of Multimodal Biometric Systems against Spoof Attacks. - Zahid Akhtar; Sandeep Kale (ACC (2), 2011)

Robustness of multi-modal biometric systems under realistic spoof attacks against all traits. - Zahid Akhtar; Battista Biggio; Giorgio Fumera; Gian Luca Marcialis (BioMS, 2011)

Robustness of multi-modal biometric verification systems under realistic spoofing attacks. - Battista Biggio; Zahid Akhtar; Giorgio Fumera; Gian Luca Marcialis; Fabio Roli (IJCB, 2011)

Robustness analysis of likelihood ratio score fusion rule for multimodal biometric systems under spoof attacks. - Zahid Akhtar; Giorgio Fumera; Gian Luca Marcialis; Fabio Roli (ICCST, 2011)

Robustness Evaluation of Biometric Systems under Spoof Attacks. - Zahid Akhtar; Giorgio Fumera; Gian Luca Marcialis; Fabio Roli (ICIAP (1), 2011)

Performance and Security of Biometric Fusion against Spoof Attacks. - Zahid Akhtar; Mohammed Rizwan; Sandeep Kale (IICAI, 2011)

Multimodal Biometric Fusion: Performance under Spoof Attacks. - Zahid Akhtar; Mohammed Rizwan; Sandeep Kale (J. Intell. Syst., 2011)

Evaluation of serial and parallel multibiometric systems under spoofing attacks. - Zahid Akhtar; Giorgio Fumera; Gian Luca Marcialis; Fabio Roli (BTAS, 2012)

Evaluation of multimodal biometric score fusion rules under spoof attacks. - Zahid Akhtar; Giorgio Fumera; Gian Luca Marcialis; Fabio Roli (ICB, 2012)

Security evaluation of biometric authentication systems under real spoofing attacks. - Battista Biggio; Zahid Akhtar; Giorgio Fumera; Gian Luca Marcialis; Fabio Roli (IET Biom., 2012)

Face Recognition under Ageing Effect: A Comparative Analysis. - Zahid Akhtar; Ajita Rattani; Abdenour Hadid; Massimo Tistarelli (ICIAP (2), 2013)

MoBio_LivDet: Mobile biometric liveness detection. - Zahid Akhtar; Christian Micheloni; Claudio Piciarelli; Gian Luca Foresti (AVSS, 2014)

Biometric template update under facial aging. - Zahid Akhtar; Amr Ahmed 002; Cigdem Eroglu Erdem; Gian Luca Foresti (CIBIM, 2014)

Liveness detection for biometric authentication in mobile applications. - Zahid Akhtar; Christian Micheloni; Gian Luca Foresti (ICCST, 2014)

Mobile Re-Identification Based on Local Features Analysis. - Zahid Akhtar; Niki Martinel; Christian Micheloni; Gian Luca Foresti (ICDSC, 2014)

Multimodal emotion recognition with automatic peak frame selection. - Sara Zhalehpour; Zahid Akhtar; Cigdem Eroglu Erdem (INISTA, 2014)

Temporal Analysis Of Adaptive Face Recognition. - Zahid Akhtar; Ajita Rattani; Gian Luca Foresti (J. Artif. Intell. Soft Comput. Res., 2014)

Correlation based fingerprint liveness detection. - Zahid Akhtar; Christian Micheloni; Gian Luca Foresti (ICB, 2015)

A Preliminary Study on Identifying Fabrication Material From Fake Fingerprint Images. - Ajita Rattani; Zahid Akhtar; Gian Luca Foresti (SSCI, 2015)

Biometric Liveness Detection: Challenges and Research Opportunities. - Zahid Akhtar; Christian Micheloni; Gian Luca Foresti (IEEE Secur. Priv., 2015)

Age, Gender and Operating-Hand Estimation on Smart Mobile Devices. - Attaullah Buriro; Zahid Akhtar; Bruno Crispo; Filippo Del Frari (BIOSIG, 2016)

Mobile ocular biometrics in visible spectrum using local image descriptors: A preliminary study. - Zahid Akhtar; Christian Micheloni; Gian Luca Foresti (ICIP, 2016)

Apache Hama: An Emerging Bulk Synchronous Parallel Computing Framework for Big Data Applications. - Kamran Siddique; Zahid Akhtar; Edward J. Yoon; Young-Sik Jeong; Dipankar Dasgupta; Yangwoo Kim (IEEE Access, 2016)

Face Spoof Attack Recognition Using Discriminative Image Patches. - Zahid Akhtar; Gian Luca Foresti (J. Electr. Comput. Eng., 2016)

Multimodal emotion recognition based on peak frame selection from video. - Sara Zhalehpour; Zahid Akhtar; Cigdem Eroglu Erdem (Signal Image Video Process., 2016)

Intrusion Detection in High-Speed Big Data Networks: A Comprehensive Approach. - Kamran Siddique; Zahid Akhtar; Yangwoo Kim (CSA/CUTE, 2017)

Multimodal smartphone user authentication using touchstroke, phone-movement and face patterns. - Zahid Akhtar; Attaullah Buriro; Bruno Crispo; Tiago H. Falk (GlobalSIP, 2017)

An automated framework for emotional fMRI data analysis using covariance matrix. - Vahab Youssofzadeh; Zahid Akhtar; Amir Mohammad Amiri; Tiago H. Falk (GlobalSIP, 2017)

A competition on generalized software-based face presentation attack detection in mobile scenarios. - Zinelabdine Boulkenafet; Jukka Komulainen; Zahid Akhtar; Azeddine Benlamoudi; Djamel Samai; Salah Eddine Bekhouche; Abdelkrim Ouafi; Fadi Dornaika; Abdelmalik Taleb-Ahmed; Le Qin; Fei Peng 001; L. B. Zhang; et al. (IJCB, 2017)

Mobile biometrics: Towards a comprehensive evaluation methodology. - Attaullah Buriro; Zahid Akhtar; Bruno Crispo; Sandeep Gupta 002 (ICCST, 2017)

Combining left and right wrist vein images for personal verification. - Mohamed Cheniti; Zahid Akhtar; Naceur-Eddine Boukezzoula; Tiago H. Falk (IPTA, 2017)

Audio-Visual Multimedia Quality Assessment: A Comprehensive Survey. - Zahid Akhtar; Tiago H. Falk (IEEE Access, 2017)

A Face in any Form: New Challenges and Opportunities for Face Recognition Technology. - Zahid Akhtar; Ajita Rattani (Computer, 2017)

Toward Bulk Synchronous Parallel-Based Machine Learning Techniques for Anomaly Detection in High-Speed Big Data Networks. - Kamran Siddique; Zahid Akhtar; Haeng-Gon Lee; Woongsup Kim; Yangwoo Kim (Symmetry, 2017)

BAUM-1: A Spontaneous Audio-Visual Face Database of Affective and Mental States. - Sara Zhalehpour; Onur Onder; Zahid Akhtar; Cigdem Eroglu Erdem (IEEE Trans. Affect. Comput., 2017)

Investigating Apache Hama: a bulk synchronous parallel computing framework. - Kamran Siddique; Zahid Akhtar; Yangwoo Kim; Young-Sik Jeong; Edward J. Yoon (J. Supercomput., 2017)

Improved Audio-Visual Laughter Detection Via Multi-Scale Multi-Resolution Image Texture Features and Classifier Fusion. - Zahid Akhtar; Stefany Bedoya; Tiago H. Falk (ICASSP, 2018)

Adversarial Examples Detection Using No-Reference Image Quality Features. - Zahid Akhtar; João Monteiro 002; Tiago H. Falk (ICCST, 2018)

Generalizable Adversarial Examples Detection Based on Bi-model Decision Mismatch. - João Monteiro 002; Zahid Akhtar; Tiago H. Falk (CoRR, 2018)

Visual Nonverbal Behavior Analysis: The Path Forward. - Zahid Akhtar; Tiago H. Falk (IEEE Multim., 2018)

Biometrics: In Search of Identity and Security (Q & A). - Zahid Akhtar; Abdenour Hadid; Mark S. Nixon; Massimo Tistarelli; Jean-Luc Dugelay; Sébastien Marcel (IEEE Multim., 2018)

Symmetric sum-based biometric score fusion. - Mohamed Cheniti; Naceur-Eddine Boukezzoula; Zahid Akhtar (IET Biom., 2018)

Developing an Intrusion Detection Framework for High-Speed Big Data Networks: A Comprehensive Approach. - Kamran Siddique; Zahid Akhtar; Muhammad Ashfaq Khan; Yong-Hwan Jung; Yangwoo Kim (KSII Trans. Internet Inf. Syst., 2018)

Experiments with Ocular Biometric Datasets: A Practitioner's Guideline. - Zahid Akhtar; Gautam Kumar; Sambit Bakshi; Hugo Proença 001 (IT Prof., 2018)

BAUM-1. - Sara Zhalehpour; Onur Onder; Zahid Akhtar; Cigdem Eroglu Erdem (UCI Machine Learning Repository, 2018)

A Locality Sensitive Hashing Based Approach for Generating Cancelable Fingerprints Templates. - Debanjan Sadhya; Zahid Akhtar; Dipankar Dasgupta (BTAS, 2019)

Low Dose Abdominal CT Image Reconstruction: An Unsupervised Learning Based Approach. - Shiba Kuanar; Vassilis Athitsos; Dwarikanath Mahapatra; K. R. Rao 001; Zahid Akhtar; Dipankar Dasgupta (ICIP, 2019)

UnderTracker: Binary Hardening Through Execution Flow Verification. - Rajesh Kumar Shrivastava; Chittaranjan Hota; Govind Mittal; Zahid Akhtar (SKM, 2019)

Generalizable Adversarial Examples Detection Based on Bi-model Decision Mismatch. - João Monteiro 002; Isabela Albuquerque; Zahid Akhtar; Tiago H. Falk (SMC, 2019)

Malware Analytics: Review of Data Mining, Machine Learning and Big Data Perspectives. - Subash Poudyal; Zahid Akhtar; Dipankar Dasgupta; Kishor Datta Gupta (SSCI, 2019)

Why is Multimedia Quality of Experience Assessment a Challenging Problem? - Zahid Akhtar; Kamran Siddique; Ajita Rattani; Syaheerah Lebai Lutfi; Tiago H. Falk (IEEE Access, 2019)

KDD Cup 99 Data Sets: A Perspective on the Role of Data Sets in Network Intrusion Detection Research. - Kamran Siddique; Zahid Akhtar; Farrukh Aslam Khan; Yangwoo Kim (Computer, 2019)

3D palmprint recognition using unsupervised convolutional deep learning network and SVM classifier. - Mourad Chaa; Zahid Akhtar; Abdelouahab Attia (IET Image Process., 2019)

A deep learning platooning-based video information-sharing Internet of Things framework for autonomous driving systems. - Zishuo Zhou; Zahid Akhtar; Ka Lok Man; Kamran Siddique (Int. J. Distributed Sens. Networks, 2019)

Review of Face Presentation Attack Detection Competitions. - Jukka Komulainen; Zinelabidine Boulkenafet; Zahid Akhtar (Handbook of Biometric Anti-Spoofing, 2nd Ed., 2019)

Analysis and Comparison of Audiovisual Quality Assessment Datasets. - Fatima Boudjerida; Atidel Lahoulou; Zahid Akhtar (CSA, 2020)

Cross-Dataset Face Manipulation Detection. - Burak Bekci; Zahid Akhtar; Hazim Kemal Ekenel (SIU, 2020)

Applicability issues of Evasion-Based Adversarial Attacks and Mitigation Techniques. - Kishor Datta Gupta; Dipankar Dasgupta; Zahid Akhtar (SSCI, 2020)

Adversarial Input Detection Using Image Processing Techniques (IPT). - Kishor Datta Gupta; Dipankar Dasgupta; Zahid Akhtar (UEMCON, 2020)

Directional Neighborhood Topologies Based Multi-Scale Quinary Pattern for Texture Classification. - Elmokhtar Rachdi; Youssef El Merabet; Zahid Akhtar; Rochdi Messoussi (IEEE Access, 2020)

Finger kunckcle patterns based person recognition via bank of multi-scale binarized statistical texture features. - Abdelouahab Attia; Mourad Chaa; Zahid Akhtar; Youssef Chahir (Evol. Syst., 2020)

Weighted quasi-arithmetic mean based score level fusion for multi-biometric systems. - Abderrahmane Herbadji; Noubeil Guermat; Lahcene Ziet; Zahid Akhtar; Dipankar Dasgupta (IET Biom., 2020)

Accelerating deep reinforcement learning model for game strategy. - Yifan Li 007; Yuchun Fang; Zahid Akhtar (Neurocomputing, 2020)

Human Behavior Understanding in Big Multimedia Data Using CNN based Facial Expression Recognition. - Muhammad Sajjad; Sana Zahir; Amin Ullah; Zahid Akhtar; Khan Muhammad 001 (Mob. Networks Appl., 2020)

Combining Multiple Biometric Traits Using Asymmetric Aggregation Operators for Improved Person Recognition. - Abderrahmane Herbadji; Zahid Akhtar; Kamran Siddique; Noubeil Guermat; Lahcene Ziet; Mohamed Cheniti; Khan Muhammad 001 (Symmetry, 2020)

Contactless Multi-biometric System Using Fingerprint and Palmprint Selfies. - Abderrahmane Herbadji; Noubeil Guermat; Lahcene Ziet; Zahid Akhtar; Mohamed Cheniti; Djamel Herbadji (Traitement du Signal, 2020)

CCAP: Cooperative Context Aware Pruning for Neural Network Model Compression. - Li-Yun Wang; Zahid Akhtar (ISM, 2021)

Parametric Audio-visual Quality Measurement Based on Interpretable Fuzzy Logic. - Fatima Boudjerida; Atidel Lahoulou; Tiago H. Falk; Zahid Akhtar (QoMEX, 2021)

HCiT: Deepfake Video Detection Using a Hybrid Model of CNN features and Vision Transformer. - Bachir Kaddar; Sid Ahmed Fezza; Wassim Hamidouche; Zahid Akhtar; Abdenour Hadid (VCIP, 2021)

Malware Detection and Analysis: Challenges and Research Opportunities. - Zahid Akhtar (CoRR, 2021)

DeepSmoke: Deep learning model for smoke detection and segmentation in outdoor environments. - Salman Khan 004; Khan Muhammad 001; Tanveer Hussain; Javier Del Ser; Fabio Cuzzolin; Siddhartha Bhattacharyya; Zahid Akhtar; Victor Hugo C. de Albuquerque (Expert Syst. Appl., 2021)

Deep rule-based classifier for finger knuckle pattern recognition system. - Abdelouahab Attia; Zahid Akhtar; Nour Elhouda Chalabi; Sofiane Maza; Youssef Chahir (Evol. Syst., 2021)

Unknown presentation attack detection against rational attackers. - Ali Khodabakhsh 001; Zahid Akhtar (IET Biom., 2021)

Generation of cancellable locality sampled codes from facial images. - Debanjan Sadhya; Utkarsh Utsav; Zahid Akhtar (IET Biom., 2021)

A Survey on Arabic Handwritten Script Recognition Systems. - Soumia Djaghbellou; Abderraouf Bouziane; Abdelouahab Attia; Zahid Akhtar (Int. J. Artif. Intell. Mach. Learn., 2021)

3D Palmprint recognition using Tan and Triggs normalization technique and GIST descriptors. - Mourad Chaa; Zahid Akhtar (Multim. Tools Appl., 2021)

Particle swarm optimization based block feature selection in face recognition system. - Nour Elhouda Chalabi; Abdelouahab Attia; Abderraouf Bouziane; Zahid Akhtar (Multim. Tools Appl., 2021)

Feature-level fusion of major and minor dorsal finger knuckle patterns for person authentication. - Abdelouahab Attia; Zahid Akhtar; Youssef Chahir (Signal Image Video Process., 2021)

Determining Sequence of Image Processing Technique (IPT) to Detect Adversarial Attacks. - Kishor Datta Gupta; Dipankar Dasgupta; Zahid Akhtar (SN Comput. Sci., 2021)

Spotting Deepfakes and Face Manipulations by Fusing Features from Multi-Stream CNNs Models. - Semih Yavuzkilic; Abdulkadir Sengür; Zahid Akhtar; Kamran Siddique (Symmetry, 2021)

Feature Pooling of Modulation Spectrum Features for Improved Speech Emotion Recognition in the Wild. - Anderson R. Avila; Zahid Akhtar; João Felipe Santos; Douglas D. O'Shaughnessy; Tiago H. Falk (IEEE Trans. Affect. Comput., 2021)

Future Trends in Digital Face Manipulation and Detection. - Ruben Tolosana; Christian Rathgeb; Rubén Vera-Rodríguez; Christoph Busch 001; Luisa Verdoliva; Siwei Lyu; Huy H. Nguyen; Junichi Yamagishi; Isao Echizen; Peter Rot; Klemen Grm; Vitomir Struc; et al. (Handbook of Digital Face Manipulation and Detection, 2022)

Longitudinal Analysis of Mask and No-Mask on Child Face Recognition. - Praveen Kumar Chandaliya; Zahid Akhtar; Neeta Nain (ICVGIP, 2022)

Secure Spectrum and Resource Sharing for 5G Networks using a Blockchain-based Decentralized Trusted Computing Platform. - Hisham A. Kholidy; Mohammad Ashiqur Rahman; Andrew Karam; Zahid Akhtar (CoRR, 2022)

Gabor filter bank with deep autoencoder based face recognition system. - Rabah Hammouche; Abdelouahab Attia; Samir Akhrouf; Zahid Akhtar (Expert Syst. Appl., 2022)

Finger-Knuckle-Print verification by fusing invariant texture and structure scores. - Mourad Chaa; Zahid Akhtar; Uroosa Sehar (Int. J. Comput. Appl. Technol., 2022)

Machine learning-based land usage identification using Haralick texture features of aerial images with Kekre's LUV colour space. - Sudeep D. Thepade; Shalakha Vijaykumar Bang; Rik Das; Zahid Akhtar (Int. J. Comput. Sci. Eng., 2022)

Incorporating deep learning into capacitive images for smartphone user authentication. - Md. Shafaeat Hossain; Mohammad T. Islam 002; Zahid Akhtar (J. Inf. Secur. Appl., 2022)

Deep learning-driven palmprint and finger knuckle pattern-based multimodal Person recognition system. - Abdelouahab Attia; Sofiane Maza; Zahid Akhtar; Youssef Chahir (Multim. Tools Appl., 2022)

Contactless person recognition using 2D and 3D finger knuckle patterns. - Mourad Chaa; Zahid Akhtar; Abdelhai Lati (Multim. Tools Appl., 2022)

Face based person recognition mechanism using monogenic Binarized Statistical Image Features. - Nour Elhouda Chalabi; Abdelouahab Attia; Abderraouf Bouziane; Zahid Akhtar (Multim. Tools Appl., 2022)

Local features enhancement using deep auto-encoder scheme for the recognition of the proposed handwritten Arabic-Maghrebi characters database. - Soumia Djaghbellou; Abdelouahab Attia; Abderraouf Bouziane; Zahid Akhtar (Multim. Tools Appl., 2022)

Dental biometric systems: a comparative study of conventional descriptors and deep learning-based features. - Ayse Betül Oktay; Zahid Akhtar; Anil Gürses (Multim. Tools Appl., 2022)

Writer Identification from Nordic Historical Manuscripts using Transformer Networks. - Chandranath Adak; Batturi Jaswanth; Zahid Akhtar; Andre Kåsen; Sukalpa Chanda (IJCB, 2023)

Effects of Facial Expressions and Gestures on the Trustworthiness of a Person. - Syaheerah Lebai Lutfi; Badr Mohammed Lahasan; Cristina Luna Jiménez; Zaher A. Bamasood; Zahid Akhtar (IEEE Access, 2023)

Deepfake Video Detection Using Generative Convolutional Vision Transformer. - Deressa Wodajo; Solomon Atnafu; Zahid Akhtar (CoRR, 2023)

Smart Navigation and Energy Management Framework for Autonomous Electric Vehicles in Complex Environments. - Gunasekaran Raja; Gayathri Saravanan; Sahaya Beni Prathiba; Zahid Akhtar; Sunder Ali Khowaja; Kapal Dev (IEEE Internet Things J., 2023)

On the effectiveness of handcrafted features for deepfake video detection. - Bachir Kaddar; Sid Ahmed Fezza; Wassim Hamidouche; Zahid Akhtar; Abdenour Hadid (J. Electronic Imaging, 2023)

Guest Editorial: Cybersecurity Intelligence in the Healthcare System. - Ashish Singh; Abhinav Kumar 005; Zahid Akhtar; Muhammad Khurram Khan (IEEE Trans. Ind. Informatics, 2023)

Deepfakes Generation and Detection: A Short Survey. - Zahid Akhtar (J. Imaging, 2023)

Panoramic image generation using deep neural networks. - Izat Khamiyev; Dias Issa; Zahid Akhtar; M. Fatih Demirci (Soft Comput., 2023)

A fuzzy connective score fusion technique for 2D and 3D palmprint authentication system. - Abdelouahab Attia; Rabah Hammouche; Samir Akhrouf; Zahid Akhtar (Evol. Syst., 2023)

Towards Inclusive Face Recognition Through Synthetic Ethnicity Alteration. - Praveen Kumar Chandaliya; Kiran B. Raja; Raghavendra Ramachandra; Zahid Akhtar; Christoph Busch 001 (FG, 2024)

Does Hard-Negative Contrastive Learning Improve Facial Emotion Recognition? - Khin Cho Win; Zahid Akhtar; C. Krishna Mohan (ICMVA, 2024)

Robust Facial Emotion Recognition System via De-Pooling Feature Enhancement and Weighted Exponential Moving Average. - Khin Cho Win; Zahid Akhtar; C. Krishna Mohan (TENCON, 2024)

Wearable Wisdom: A Bi-Modal Behavioral Biometric Scheme for Smartwatch User Authentication. - Attaullah Buriro; Zahid Akhtar; Francesco Ricci 001; Flaminia L. Luccio (IEEE Access, 2024)

An Approach for Full Reinforcement-Based Biometric Score Fusion. - Mohamed Cheniti; Zahid Akhtar; Chandranath Adak; Kamran Siddique (IEEE Access, 2024)

Hybrid Optimization Machine Learning Framework for Enhancing Trust and Security in Cloud Network. - Himani Saini; Gopal Singh; Amrinder Kaur; Sunil Saini; Niyaz Ahmad Wani; Vikram Chopra; Zahid Akhtar; Shahid Ahmad Bhat (IEEE Access, 2024)

AI-enabled dental caries detection using transfer learning and gradient-based class activation mapping. - Hardik Inani; Veerangi Mehta; Drashti Bhavsar; Rajeev Kumar Gupta; Arti Jain; Zahid Akhtar (J. Ambient Intell. Humaniz. Comput., 2024)

A Deep Learning Approach for Early Detection of Facial Palsy in Video Using Convolutional Neural Networks: A Computational Study. - Anuja Arora; Jasir Mohammad Zaeem; Vibhor Garg; Ambikesh Jayal; Zahid Akhtar (Comput., 2024)

Digital Sentinels and Antagonists: The Dual Nature of Chatbots in Cybersecurity. - Hannah Szmurlo; Zahid Akhtar (Inf., 2024)

Deepfake Detection Using Spatiotemporal Transformer. - Bachir Kaddar; Sid Ahmed Fezza; Zahid Akhtar; Wassim Hamidouche; Abdenour Hadid; Joan Serra-Sagristà (ACM Trans. Multim. Comput. Commun. Appl., 2024)

WaveletFusion: enhancing plant leaf disease classification with multi-scale feature extraction and explainable AI. - Lakshmi Srinivas Panchananam; Praveen Kumar Chandaliya; Zahid Akhtar; Kishor P. Upla; Raghavendra Ramachandra (Expert Syst. Appl., 2025)

A Multi-Scale Feature Extraction and Fusion Deep Learning Method for Classification of Wheat Diseases. - Sajjad Saleem; Adil Hussain; Nabila Majeed; Zahid Akhtar; Kamran Siddique (CoRR, 2025)

Deep Learning in Early Alzheimer's disease's Detection: A Comprehensive Survey of Classification, Segmentation, and Feature Extraction Methods. - Rubab Hafeez; Sadia Waheed; Syeda Aleena Naqvi; Fahad Maqbool; Amna Sarwar; Sajjad Saleem; Muhammad Imran Sharif 001; Kamran Siddique; Zahid Akhtar (CoRR, 2025)

Deep Learning-Based Approach for Identification of Potato Leaf Diseases Using Wrapper Feature Selection and Feature Concatenation. - Muhammad Ahtsam Naeem; Muhammad Asim Saleem; Muhammad Imran Sharif 001; Shahzad Akber; Sajjad Saleem; Zahid Akhtar; Kamran Siddique (CoRR, 2025)

What Skills Do Cyber Security Professionals Need? - Faheem Ullah; Xiaohan Ye; Uswa Fatima; Zahid Akhtar; Yuxi Wu; Hussain Ahmad (CoRR, 2025)