Tomoko Matsui

According to our database, Tomoko Matsui authored at least 109 papers between 1990 and 2023.

Collaborative distances:

• Dijkstra number of four.
• Erdős number of three.

2023

Rating Proportion-Aware Binomial Matrix Factorization for Collaborative Filtering.

Iwao Tanuma, Tomoko Matsui

IEEE Access, 2023

Data-Driven Framework for Uncovering Hidden Control Strategies in Evolutionary Analysis.

Tomoko Matsui

Proceedings of the International Conference on Computing and Communication Technologies, 2023

Public Opinion Mining Using Large Language Models on COVID-19 Related Tweets.

Vu D. Tran, Tomoko Matsui

Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Knowledge and Systems Engineering, 2023

2022

C^*-algebra Net: A New Approach Generalizing Neural Network Parameters to C^*-algebra.

Yuka Hashimoto, Zhao Wang, Tomoko Matsui

CoRR, 2022

Variational Autoencoder-Based Hybrid Recommendation With Poisson Factorization for Modeling Implicit Feedback.

Iwao Tanuma, Tomoko Matsui

IEEE Access, 2022

C*-algebra Net: A New Approach Generalizing Neural Network Parameters to C*-algebra.

Yuka Hashimoto, Zhao Wang, Tomoko Matsui

Proceedings of the International Conference on Machine Learning, 2022

2021

Spatial Warped Gaussian Processes: Estimation and Efficient Field Reconstruction.

Gareth W. Peters, Ido Nevat, Sai Ganesh Nagarajan, Tomoko Matsui

Entropy, 2021

Tweet Analysis for Enhancement of COVID-19 Epidemic Simulation: A Case Study in Japan.

Vu D. Tran, Tomoko Matsui

CoRR, 2021

Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Urban Heatwaves Using Tukey g-and-h Random Field Models.

Daisuke Murakami, Gareth W. Peters, Tomoko Matsui, Yoshiki Yamagata

IEEE Access, 2021

Machine Learning Mitigants for Speech Based Cyber Risk.

Marta Campi, Gareth W. Peters, Nourddine Azzaoui, Tomoko Matsui

IEEE Access, 2021

Multi-Source Domain Adaptation with Sinkhorn Barycenter.

Tatsuya Komatsu, Tomoko Matsui, Junbin Gao

Proceedings of the 29th European Signal Processing Conference, 2021

2019

Articulatory and Spectrum Information Fusion Based on Deep Recurrent Neural Networks.

Jianguo Yu, Konstantin Markov, Tomoko Matsui

IEEE ACM Trans. Audio Speech Lang. Process., 2019

Spatiotemporal Heatwave Risk Modeling Combining Multiple Observations.

Daisuke Murakami, Yoshiki Yamagata, Takahiro Yoshida, Tomoko Matsui

Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 2019

A Gps-Based Simple Evaluation Simulation Approach: Case Study in Joso, Japan.

Daisuke Murakami, Tomoko Matsui, Takahiro Yoshida, Yoshiki Yamagata

Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 2019

A Robust High-Dimensional Bayesian Filter: THE Stochastic GH-GEnKF.

François Septier, Tomoko Matsui

Proceedings of the 8th IEEE International Workshop on Computational Advances in Multi-Sensor Adaptive Processing, 2019

A sequential prediction method of quasi-periodicity based on Gaussian process state space model.

Akira Tamamori, Tomoko Matsui

Proceedings of the 2019 Asia-Pacific Signal and Information Processing Association Annual Summit and Conference, 2019

2018

Data augmentation with moment-matching networks for i-vector based speaker verification.

Sayaka Shiota, Shinnosuke Takamichi, Tomoko Matsui

Proceedings of the Asia-Pacific Signal and Information Processing Association Annual Summit and Conference, 2018

2017

Counting public transport passenger using WiFi signatures of mobile devices.

Tor André Myrvoll, Jan Erik Håkegård, Tomoko Matsui, François Septier

Proceedings of the 20th IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems, 2017

Forecasting covariance for optimal carry trade portfolio allocations.

Matthew Ames, Guillaume Bagnarosa, Gareth W. Peters, Pavel V. Shevchenko, Tomoko Matsui

Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, 2017

I-vector-based speaker identification with extremely short utterances for both training and testing.

Misaki Tsujikawa, Tsuyoki Nishikawa, Tomoko Matsui

Proceedings of the IEEE 6th Global Conference on Consumer Electronics, 2017

2016

Participatory Sensing Data Tweets for Micro-Urban Real-Time Resiliency Monitoring and Risk Management.

Daisuke Murakami, Gareth W. Peters, Yoshiki Yamagata, Tomoko Matsui

IEEE Access, 2016

Voice Liveness Detection for Speaker Verification based on a Tandem Single/Double-channel Pop Noise Detector.

Sayaka Shiota, Fernando Villavicencio, Junichi Yamagishi, Nobutaka Ono, Isao Echizen, Tomoko Matsui

Proceedings of the Odyssey 2016: The Speaker and Language Recognition Workshop, 2016

Articulatory and spectrum features integration using generalized distillation framework.

Jianguo Yu, Konstantin Markov, Tomoko Matsui

Proceedings of the 26th IEEE International Workshop on Machine Learning for Signal Processing, 2016

Robust Speech Recognition Using Generalized Distillation Framework.

Konstantin Markov, Tomoko Matsui

Proceedings of the Interspeech 2016, 2016

2015

Estimation of Spatially Correlated Random Fields in Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks.

Ido Nevat, Gareth W. Peters, François Septier, Tomoko Matsui

IEEE Trans. Signal Process., 2015

Road condition classification using a new global alignment kernel.

Takato Goto, Yasushi Hanatsuka, Tomoyuki Higuchi, Tomoko Matsui

Proceedings of the 25th IEEE International Workshop on Machine Learning for Signal Processing, 2015

Dynamic Music Emotion Recognition Using Kernel Bayes' Filter.

Konstantin Markov, Tomoko Matsui

Proceedings of the Working Notes Proceedings of the MediaEval 2015 Workshop, 2015

Voice liveness detection algorithms based on pop noise caused by human breath for automatic speaker verification.

Sayaka Shiota, Fernando Villavicencio, Junichi Yamagishi, Nobutaka Ono, Isao Echizen, Tomoko Matsui

Proceedings of the INTERSPEECH 2015, 2015

Wind storm estimation using a heterogeneous sensor network with high and low resolution sensors.

Ido Nevat, Gareth W. Peters, François Septier, Tomoko Matsui

Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE International Conference on Communications, 2015

Dynamic speech emotion recognition with state-space models.

Konstantin Markov, Tomoko Matsui, François Septier, Gareth W. Peters

Proceedings of the 23rd European Signal Processing Conference, 2015

2014

Music Genre and Emotion Recognition Using Gaussian Processes.

Konstantin Markov, Tomoko Matsui

IEEE Access, 2014

Dynamic Music Emotion Recognition Using State-Space Models.

Konstantin Markov, Tomoko Matsui

Proceedings of the Working Notes Proceedings of the MediaEval 2014 Workshop, 2014

Modelling threshold exceedence levels for spatial stochastic processes observed by sensor networks.

Gareth W. Peters, Ido Nevat, Shaowei Lin, Tomoko Matsui

Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE Ninth International Conference on Intelligent Sensors, 2014

Communications meets copula modeling: Non-standard dependence features in wireless fading channels.

Gareth W. Peters, Tor André Myrvoll, Tomoko Matsui, Ido Nevat, François Septier

Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE Global Conference on Signal and Information Processing, 2014

2013

High level feature extraction for the self-taught learning algorithm.

Konstantin Markov, Tomoko Matsui

EURASIP J. Audio Speech Music. Process., 2013

Music genre classification using Gaussian Process models.

Konstantin Markov, Tomoko Matsui

Proceedings of the IEEE International Workshop on Machine Learning for Signal Processing, 2013

Music Emotion Recognition using Gaussian Processes.

Konstantin Markov, Motofumi Iwata, Tomoko Matsui

Proceedings of the MediaEval 2013 Multimedia Benchmark Workshop, 2013

Bayesian semi-supervised audio event transcription based on Markov indian buffet process.

Yasunori Ohishi, Daichi Mochihashi, Tomoko Matsui, Masahiro Nakano, Hirokazu Kameoka, Tomonori Izumitani, Kunio Kashino

Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, 2013

Modeling head-related transfer functions via spatial-temporal Gaussian process.

Tatsuya Komatsu, Takanori Nishino, Gareth W. Peters, Tomoko Matsui, Kazuya Takeda

Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, 2013

2012

Nonnegative matrix factorization based self-taught learning with application to music genre classification.

Konstantin Markov, Tomoko Matsui

Proceedings of the IEEE International Workshop on Machine Learning for Signal Processing, 2012

Designing an Evaluation Framework for Spoken Term Detection and Spoken Document Retrieval at the NTCIR-9 SpokenDoc Task.

Tomoyosi Akiba, Hiromitsu Nishizaki, Kiyoaki Aikawa, Tatsuya Kawahara, Tomoko Matsui

Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation, 2012

Topic Classification of Spoken Inquiries Using Transductive Support Vector Machine.

Rafael Torres, Hiromichi Kawanami, Tomoko Matsui, Hiroshi Saruwatari, Kiyohiro Shikano

Proceedings of the Natural Interaction with Robots, 2012

Evaluation of Invalid Input Discrimination Using Bag-of-Words for Speech-Oriented Guidance System.

Haruka Majima, Rafael Torres, Hiromichi Kawanami, Sunao Hara, Tomoko Matsui, Hiroshi Saruwatari, Kiyohiro Shikano

Proceedings of the Natural Interaction with Robots, 2012

Spoken Inquiry Discrimination Using Bag-of-Words for Speech-Oriented Guidance System.

Haruka Majima, Rafael Torres, Yoko Fujita, Hiromichi Kawanami, Tomoko Matsui, Hiroshi Saruwatari, Kiyohiro Shikano

Proceedings of the INTERSPEECH 2012, 2012

Music genre classification using self-taught learning via sparse coding.

Konstantin Markov, Tomoko Matsui

Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, 2012

Developmental Adjustment of Iconic Language in Care-Takers' Input.

Masato Ohba, Noburo Saji, Mutsumi Imai, Tomoko Matsui

Proceedings of the 34th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society, 2012

The Role of the Amygdala in the Process of Humour Appreciation.

Tagiru Nakamura, Tomoko Matsui, Akira Utsumi, Mika Yamazaki, Kai Makita, Hiroki C. Tanabe, Norihiro Sadato

Proceedings of the 34th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society, 2012

2011

Overview of the IR for Spoken Documents Task in NTCIR-9 Workshop.

Tomoyosi Akiba, Hiromitsu Nishizaki, Kiyoaki Aikawa, Tatsuya Kawahara, Tomoko Matsui

Proceedings of the 9th NTCIR Workshop Meeting on Evaluation of Information Access Technologies: Information Retrieval, 2011

Extraction of User Interaction Patterns for Low-Usability Web Pages.

Toshiya Yamada, Noboru Nakamichi, Tomoko Matsui

Proceedings of the Human Centered Design, 2011

Gradient-based musical feature extraction based on scale-invariant feature transform.

Tomoko Matsui, Masataka Goto, Jean-Philippe Vert, Yuji Uchiyama

Proceedings of the 19th European Signal Processing Conference, 2011

2010

Penalized Logistic Regression With HMM Log-Likelihood Regressors for Speech Recognition.

Øystein Birkenes, Tomoko Matsui, Kunio Tanabe, Sabato Marco Siniscalchi, Tor André Myrvoll, Magne Hallstein Johnsen

IEEE Trans. Speech Audio Process., 2010

Semi-supervised speaker identification under covariate shift.

Makoto Yamada, Masashi Sugiyama, Tomoko Matsui

Signal Process., 2010

Comparison of methods for topic classification in a speech-oriented guidance system.

Rafael Torres, Shota Takeuchi, Hiromichi Kawanami, Tomoko Matsui, Hiroshi Saruwatari, Kiyohiro Shikano

Proceedings of the INTERSPEECH 2010, 2010

Constructing Japanese test collections for spoken term detection.

Yoshiaki Itoh, Hiromitsu Nishizaki, Xinhui Hu, Hiroaki Nanjo, Tomoyosi Akiba, Tatsuya Kawahara, Seiichi Nakagawa, Tomoko Matsui, Yoichi Yamashita, Kiyoaki Aikawa

Proceedings of the INTERSPEECH 2010, 2010

Acceleration of sequence kernel computation for real-time speaker identification.

Makoto Yamada, Masashi Sugiyama, Gordon Wichern, Tomoko Matsui

Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, 2010

2009

ISM TRECVID2009 High-level Feature Extraction.

Tomoko Matsui, Shinichi Satoh, Yuji Uchiyama

Proceedings of the TRECVID 2009 workshop participants notebook papers, 2009

Covariate shift adaptation for semi-supervised speaker identification.

Makoto Yamada, Masashi Sugiyama, Tomoko Matsui

Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, 2009

High-level feature extraction using SVM with walk-based graph kernel.

Jean-Philippe Vert, Tomoko Matsui, Shin'ichi Satoh, Yuji Uchiyama

Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, 2009

2008

ISM TRECVID2008 High-level Feature Extraction.

Tomoko Matsui, Jean-Philippe Vert, Shin'ichi Satoh, Yuji Uchiyama

Proceedings of the TRECVID 2008 workshop participants notebook papers, 2008

MDS-based visualization method for multiple speech corpora.

Kimiko Yamakawa, Tomoko Matsui, Shuichi Itahashi

Proceedings of the INTERSPEECH 2008, 2008

Speaker verification with non-audible murmur segments by combining global alignment kernel and penalized logistic regression machine.

Hideki Okamoto, Tomoko Matsui, Hiromichi Kawanami, Hiroshi Saruwatari, Kiyohiro Shikano

Proceedings of the INTERSPEECH 2008, 2008

2007

Out-of-Domain Utterance Detection Using Classification Confidences of Multiple Topics.

Ian R. Lane, Tatsuya Kawahara, Tomoko Matsui, Satoshi Nakamura

IEEE Trans. Speech Audio Process., 2007

NII-ISM, Japan at TRECVID 2007: High Level Feature Extraction.

Duy-Dinh Le, Shin'ichi Satoh, Tomoko Matsui

Proceedings of the TRECVID 2007 workshop participants notebook papers, 2007

Study on speaker verification with non-audible murmur segments.

Hideki Okamoto, Mariko Kojima, Tomoko Matsui, Hiromichi Kawanami, Hiroshi Saruwatari, Kiyohiro Shikano

Proceedings of the INTERSPEECH 2007, 2007

A Kernel for Time Series Based on Global Alignments.

Marco Cuturi, Jean-Philippe Vert, Øystein Birkenes, Tomoko Matsui

Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, 2007

N-Best Rescoring for Speech Recognition using Penalized Logistic Regression Machines with Garbage Class.

Øystein Birkenes, Tomoko Matsui, Kunio Tanabe, Tor André Myrvoll

Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, 2007

2006

Comparative Study of Speaker Identification Methods: dPLRM, SVM and GMM.

Tomoko Matsui, Kunio Tanabe

IEICE Trans. Inf. Syst., 2006

Shot Boundary Detection and High-Level Feature Extraction Experiments for TRECVID 2006.

Masaki Naito, Kazunori Matsumoto, Masami Shishibori, Kenji Kita, Marco Cuturi, Tomoko Matsui, Shin'ichi Satoh, Keiichiro Hoashi, Fumiaki Sugaya, Yasuyuki Nakajima

Proceedings of the 2006 TREC Video Retrieval Evaluation, 2006

On a greedy learning algorithm for dPLRM with applications to phonetic feature detection.

Tor André Myrvoll, Tomoko Matsui

Proceedings of the INTERSPEECH 2006, 2006

Speaker verification with non-audible murmur segments.

Mariko Kojima, Tomoko Matsui, Hiromichi Kawanami, Hiroshi Saruwatari, Kiyohiro Shikano

Proceedings of the INTERSPEECH 2006, 2006

Isolated-Word Recognition with Penalized Logistic Regression Machines.

Øystein Birkenes, Tomoko Matsui, Kunio Tanabe

Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics Speech and Signal Processing, 2006

2005

Verification of Multi-Class Recognition Decision: A Classification Approach.

Tomoko Matsui, Frank K. Soong, Biing-Hwang Juang

IEICE Trans. Inf. Syst., 2005

Dialogue Speech Recognition by Combining Hierarchical Topic Classification and Language Model Switching.

Ian R. Lane, Tatsuya Kawahara, Tomoko Matsui, Satoshi Nakamura

IEICE Trans. Inf. Syst., 2005

dPLRM-based speaker identification with log power spectrum.

Tomoko Matsui, Kunio Tanabe

Proceedings of the INTERSPEECH 2005, 2005

Space alternating data augmentation: application to finite mixture of Gaussians and speaker recognition.

Arnaud Doucet, Stéphane Sénécal, Tomoko Matsui

Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, 2005

2004

Automatic Generation of Non-uniform HMM Topologies Based on the MDL Criterion.

Takatoshi Jitsuhiro, Tomoko Matsui, Satoshi Nakamura

IEICE Trans. Inf. Syst., 2004

Speaker identification with dual penalized logistic regression machine.

Tomoko Matsui, Kunio Tanabe

Proceedings of the ODYSSEY 2004 - The Speaker and Language Recognition Workshop, Toledo, Spain, May 31, 2004

Probabilistic speaker identification with dual penalized logistic regression machine.

Tomoko Matsui, Kunio Tanabe

Proceedings of the INTERSPEECH 2004, 2004

Topic classification and verification modeling for out-of-domain utterance detection.

Tatsuya Kawahara, Ian Richard Lane, Tomoko Matsui, Satoshi Nakamura

Proceedings of the INTERSPEECH 2004, 2004

Out-of-domain detection based on confidence measures from multiple topic classification.

Ian R. Lane, Tatsuya Kawahara, Tomoko Matsui, Satoshi Nakamura

Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, 2004

2003

Hierarchical topic classification for dialog speech recognition based on language model switching.

Ian R. Lane, Tatsuya Kawahara, Tomoko Matsui, Satoshi Nakamura

Proceedings of the 8th European Conference on Speech Communication and Technology, EUROSPEECH 2003, 2003

Automatic generation of non-uniform context-dependent HMM topologies based on the MDL criterion.

Takatoshi Jitsuhiro, Tomoko Matsui, Satoshi Nakamura

Proceedings of the 8th European Conference on Speech Communication and Technology, EUROSPEECH 2003, 2003

Language model switching based on topic detection for dialog speech recognition.

Ian R. Lane, Tatsuya Kawahara, Tomoko Matsui

Proceedings of the 2003 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, 2003

2002

Classifier design for verification of multi-class recognition decision.

Tomoko Matsui, Frank K. Soong, Biing-Hwang Juang

Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, 2002

2001

Towards the creation of acoustic models for stressed Japanese speech.

Kozo Okuda, Tomoko Matsui, Satoshi Nakamura

Proceedings of the EUROSPEECH 2001 Scandinavia, 2001

Experimental Pragmatics: Towards Testing Relevance-Based Predictions about Anaphoric Bridging Inferences.

Tomoko Matsui

Proceedings of the Modeling and Using Context, 2001

2000

Analysis of acoustic models trained on a large-scale Japanese speech database.

Tomoko Matsui, Masaki Naito, Yoshinori Sagisaka, Kozo Okuda, Satoshi Nakamura

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Spoken Language Processing, 2000

1999

A study of models and a priori threshold updating in speaker verification.

Tomoko Matsui, Takashi Nishitani, Sadaoki Furui

Syst. Comput. Jpn., 1999

Acoustic modeling based on a generalized laplacian distribution.

Atsushi Nakamura, Tomoko Matsui

Proceedings of the Sixth European Conference on Speech Communication and Technology, 1999

Japanese spontaneous speech database with wide regional and age distribution.

Tomoko Matsui, Masaki Naito, Harald Singer, Atsushi Nakamura, Yoshinori Sagisaka

Proceedings of the Sixth European Conference on Speech Communication and Technology, 1999

On the Role of Context in Relevance-Based Accessibility Ranking of Candidate Referents.

Tomoko Matsui

Proceedings of the Modeling and Using Context, 1999

1998

N-Best-based unsupervised speaker adaptation for speech recognition.

Tomoko Matsui, Sadaoki Furui

Comput. Speech Lang., 1998

Robust speaker verification insensitive to session-dependent utterance variation and handset-dependent distortion.

Tomoko Matsui, Kiyoaki Aikawa

Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Spoken Language Processing, Incorporating The 7th Australian International Speech Science and Technology Conference, Sydney Convention Centre, Sydney, Australia, 30th November, 1998

Robust model for speaker verification against session-dependent utterance variation.

Tomoko Matsui, Kiyoaki Aikawa

Proceedings of the 1998 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, 1998

1997

Smoothed N-best-based speaker adaptation for speech recognition.

Tomoko Matsui, Tatsuo Matsuoka, Sadaoki Furui

Proceedings of the 1997 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, 1997

1996

Speaker recognition using HMM composition in noisy environments.

Tomoko Matsui, Tomohito Kanno, Sadaoki Furui

Comput. Speech Lang., 1996

N-best-based instantaneous speaker adaptation method for speech recognition.

Tomoko Matsui, Sadaoki Furui

Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Spoken Language Processing, 1996

Robust methods of updating model and a priori threshold in speaker verification.

Tomoko Matsui, Takashi Nishitani, Sadaoki Furui

Proceedings of the 1996 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, 1996

1995

Likelihood normalization for speaker verification using a phoneme- and speaker-independent model.

Tomoko Matsui, Sadaoki Furui

Speech Commun., 1995

A study of speaker adaptation based on minimum classification error training.

Tomoko Matsui, Sadaoki Furui

Proceedings of the Fourth European Conference on Speech Communication and Technology, 1995

1994

Comparison of text-independent speaker recognition methods using VQ-distortion and discrete/continuous HMM's.

Tomoko Matsui, Sadaoki Furui

IEEE Trans. Speech Audio Process., 1994

Phoneme-level voice individuality used in speaker recognition.

Sadaoki Furui, Tomoko Matsui

Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Spoken Language Processing, 1994

Speaker adaptation of tied-mixture-based phoneme models for text-prompted speaker recognition.

Tomoko Matsui, Sadaoki Furui

Proceedings of ICASSP '94: IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, 1994

Distance measures for text-independent speaker recognition based on MAR model.

Chintana Griffin, Tomoko Matsui, Sakaoki Furui

Proceedings of ICASSP '94: IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, 1994

1993

Concatenated phoneme models for text-variable speaker recognition.

Tomoko Matsui, Sadaoki Furui

Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, 1993

1992

Speaker recognition using concatenated phoneme models.

Tomoko Matsui, Sadaoki Furui

Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Spoken Language Processing, 1992

Comparison of text-independent speaker recognition methods using VQ-distortion and discrete/continuous HMMs.

Tomoko Matsui, Sadaoki Furui

Proceedings of the 1992 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, 1992

1991

A text-independent speaker recognition method robust against utterance variations.

Tomoko Matsui, Sadaoki Furui

Proceedings of the 1991 International Conference on Acoustics, 1991

1990

Text-independent speaker recognition using vocal tract and pitch information.

Tomoko Matsui, Sadaoki Furui

Proceedings of the First International Conference on Spoken Language Processing, 1990