Christian Fügen

According to our database, Christian Fügen authored at least 73 papers between 2000 and 2024.

Collaborative distances:

• Dijkstra number of four.
• Erdős number of three.

2024

AGADIR: Towards Array-Geometry Agnostic Directional Speech Recognition.

Ju Lin, Niko Moritz, Yiteng Huang, Ruiming Xie, Ming Sun, Christian Fuegen, Frank Seide

CoRR, 2024

2023

Towards General-Purpose Speech Abilities for Large Language Models Using Unpaired Data.

Yassir Fathullah, Chunyang Wu, Egor Lakomkin, Junteng Jia, Yuan Shangguan, Jay Mahadeokar, Ozlem Kalinli, Christian Fuegen, Mike Seltzer

CoRR, 2023

End-to-End Speech Recognition Contextualization with Large Language Models.

Egor Lakomkin, Chunyang Wu, Yassir Fathullah, Ozlem Kalinli, Michael L. Seltzer, Christian Fuegen

CoRR, 2023

Prompting Large Language Models with Speech Recognition Abilities.

Yassir Fathullah, Chunyang Wu, Egor Lakomkin, Junteng Jia, Yuan Shangguan, Ke Li, Jinxi Guo, Wenhan Xiong, Jay Mahadeokar, Ozlem Kalinli, Christian Fuegen, Mike Seltzer

CoRR, 2023

SynthVSR: Scaling Up Visual Speech Recognition With Synthetic Supervision.

Xubo Liu, Egor Lakomkin, Konstantinos Vougioukas, Pingchuan Ma, Honglie Chen, Ruiming Xie, Morrie Doulaty, Niko Moritz, Jáchym Kolár, Stavros Petridis, Maja Pantic, Christian Fuegen

CoRR, 2023

SynthVSR: Scaling Up Visual Speech RecognitionWith Synthetic Supervision.

Xubo Liu, Egor Lakomkin, Konstantinos Vougioukas, Pingchuan Ma, Honglie Chen, Ruiming Xie, Morrie Doulaty, Niko Moritz, Jáchym Kolár, Stavros Petridis, Maja Pantic, Christian Fuegen

Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2023

2022

Streaming Audio-Visual Speech Recognition with Alignment Regularization.

Pingchuan Ma, Niko Moritz, Stavros Petridis, Christian Fuegen, Maja Pantic

CoRR, 2022

An Investigation of Monotonic Transducers for Large-Scale Automatic Speech Recognition.

Niko Moritz, Frank Seide, Duc Le, Jay Mahadeokar, Christian Fuegen

Proceedings of the IEEE Spoken Language Technology Workshop, 2022

Scaling ASR Improves Zero and Few Shot Learning.

Weiyi Zheng, Alex Xiao, Gil Keren, Duc Le, Frank Zhang, Christian Fuegen, Ozlem Kalinli, Yatharth Saraf, Abdelrahman Mohamed

Proceedings of the Interspeech 2022, 2022

Evaluating User Perception of Speech Recognition System Quality with Semantic Distance Metric.

Suyoun Kim, Duc Le, Weiyi Zheng, Tarun Singh, Abhinav Arora, Xiaoyu Zhai, Christian Fuegen, Ozlem Kalinli, Michael L. Seltzer

Proceedings of the Interspeech 2022, 2022

Ego4D: Around the World in 3, 000 Hours of Egocentric Video.

Kristen Grauman, Andrew Westbury, Eugene Byrne, Zachary Chavis, Antonino Furnari, Rohit Girdhar, Jackson Hamburger, Hao Jiang, Miao Liu, Xingyu Liu, Miguel Martin, Tushar Nagarajan, Ilija Radosavovic, Santhosh Kumar Ramakrishnan, Fiona Ryan, Jayant Sharma, Michael Wray, Mengmeng Xu, Eric Zhongcong Xu, Chen Zhao, Siddhant Bansal, Dhruv Batra, Vincent Cartillier, Sean Crane, Tien Do, Morrie Doulaty, Akshay Erapalli, Christoph Feichtenhofer, Adriano Fragomeni, Qichen Fu, Abrham Gebreselasie, Cristina González, James Hillis, Xuhua Huang, Yifei Huang, Wenqi Jia, Weslie Khoo, Jáchym Kolár, Satwik Kottur, Anurag Kumar, Federico Landini, Chao Li, Yanghao Li, Zhenqiang Li, Karttikeya Mangalam, Raghava Modhugu, Jonathan Munro, Tullie Murrell, Takumi Nishiyasu, Will Price, Paola Ruiz Puentes, Merey Ramazanova, Leda Sari, Kiran Somasundaram, Audrey Southerland, Yusuke Sugano, Ruijie Tao, Minh Vo, Yuchen Wang, Xindi Wu, Takuma Yagi, Ziwei Zhao, Yunyi Zhu, Pablo Arbeláez, David Crandall, Dima Damen, Giovanni Maria Farinella, Christian Fuegen, Bernard Ghanem, Vamsi Krishna Ithapu, C. V. Jawahar, Hanbyul Joo, Kris Kitani, Haizhou Li, Richard A. Newcombe, Aude Oliva, Hyun Soo Park, James M. Rehg, Yoichi Sato, Jianbo Shi, Mike Zheng Shou, Antonio Torralba, Lorenzo Torresani, Mingfei Yan, Jitendra Malik

Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2022

2021

Ego4D: Around the World in 3, 000 Hours of Egocentric Video.

Kristen Grauman, Andrew Westbury, Eugene Byrne, Zachary Chavis, Antonino Furnari, Rohit Girdhar, Jackson Hamburger, Hao Jiang, Miao Liu, Xingyu Liu, Miguel Martin, Tushar Nagarajan, Ilija Radosavovic, Santhosh Kumar Ramakrishnan, Fiona Ryan, Jayant Sharma, Michael Wray, Mengmeng Xu, Eric Zhongcong Xu, Chen Zhao, Siddhant Bansal, Dhruv Batra, Vincent Cartillier, Sean Crane, Tien Do, Morrie Doulaty, Akshay Erapalli, Christoph Feichtenhofer, Adriano Fragomeni, Qichen Fu, Christian Fuegen, Abrham Gebreselasie, Cristina González, James Hillis, Xuhua Huang, Yifei Huang, Wenqi Jia, Weslie Khoo, Jáchym Kolár, Satwik Kottur, Anurag Kumar, Federico Landini, Chao Li, Yanghao Li, Zhenqiang Li, Karttikeya Mangalam, Raghava Modhugu, Jonathan Munro, Tullie Murrell, Takumi Nishiyasu, Will Price, Paola Ruiz Puentes, Merey Ramazanova, Leda Sari, Kiran Somasundaram, Audrey Southerland, Yusuke Sugano, Ruijie Tao, Minh Vo, Yuchen Wang, Xindi Wu, Takuma Yagi, Yunyi Zhu, Pablo Arbeláez, David Crandall, Dima Damen, Giovanni Maria Farinella, Bernard Ghanem, Vamsi Krishna Ithapu, C. V. Jawahar, Hanbyul Joo, Kris Kitani, Haizhou Li, Richard A. Newcombe, Aude Oliva, Hyun Soo Park, James M. Rehg, Yoichi Sato, Jianbo Shi, Mike Zheng Shou, Antonio Torralba, Lorenzo Torresani, Mingfei Yan, Jitendra Malik

CoRR, 2021

Flexi-Transducer: Optimizing Latency, Accuracy and Compute forMulti-Domain On-Device Scenarios.

Jay Mahadeokar, Yangyang Shi, Yuan Shangguan, Chunyang Wu, Alex Xiao, Hang Su, Duc Le, Ozlem Kalinli, Christian Fuegen, Michael L. Seltzer

CoRR, 2021

Alignment Restricted Streaming Recurrent Neural Network Transducer.

Jay Mahadeokar, Yuan Shangguan, Duc Le, Gil Keren, Hang Su, Thong Le, Ching-Feng Yeh, Christian Fuegen, Michael L. Seltzer

Proceedings of the IEEE Spoken Language Technology Workshop, 2021

Deep Shallow Fusion for RNN-T Personalization.

Duc Le, Gil Keren, Julian Chan, Jay Mahadeokar, Christian Fuegen, Michael L. Seltzer

Proceedings of the IEEE Spoken Language Technology Workshop, 2021

Transformer-Based Acoustic Modeling for Streaming Speech Synthesis.

Chunyang Wu, Zhiping Xiu, Yangyang Shi, Ozlem Kalinli, Christian Fuegen, Thilo Köhler, Qing He

Proceedings of the Interspeech 2021, 22nd Annual Conference of the International Speech Communication Association, Brno, Czechia, 30 August, 2021

Dynamic Encoder Transducer: A Flexible Solution for Trading Off Accuracy for Latency.

Yangyang Shi, Varun Nagaraja, Chunyang Wu, Jay Mahadeokar, Duc Le, Rohit Prabhavalkar, Alex Xiao, Ching-Feng Yeh, Julian Chan, Christian Fuegen, Ozlem Kalinli, Michael L. Seltzer

Proceedings of the Interspeech 2021, 22nd Annual Conference of the International Speech Communication Association, Brno, Czechia, 30 August, 2021

Dissecting User-Perceived Latency of On-Device E2E Speech Recognition.

Yuan Shangguan, Rohit Prabhavalkar, Hang Su, Jay Mahadeokar, Yangyang Shi, Jiatong Zhou, Chunyang Wu, Duc Le, Ozlem Kalinli, Christian Fuegen, Michael L. Seltzer

Proceedings of the Interspeech 2021, 22nd Annual Conference of the International Speech Communication Association, Brno, Czechia, 30 August, 2021

Flexi-Transducer: Optimizing Latency, Accuracy and Compute for Multi-Domain On-Device Scenarios.

Jay Mahadeokar, Yangyang Shi, Yuan Shangguan, Chunyang Wu, Alex Xiao, Hang Su, Duc Le, Ozlem Kalinli, Christian Fuegen, Michael L. Seltzer

Proceedings of the Interspeech 2021, 22nd Annual Conference of the International Speech Communication Association, Brno, Czechia, 30 August, 2021

A Two-Stage Approach to Speech Bandwidth Extension.

Ju Lin, Yun Wang, Kaustubh Kalgaonkar, Gil Keren, Didi Zhang, Christian Fuegen

Proceedings of the Interspeech 2021, 22nd Annual Conference of the International Speech Communication Association, Brno, Czechia, 30 August, 2021

Contextualized Streaming End-to-End Speech Recognition with Trie-Based Deep Biasing and Shallow Fusion.

Duc Le, Mahaveer Jain, Gil Keren, Suyoun Kim, Yangyang Shi, Jay Mahadeokar, Julian Chan, Yuan Shangguan, Christian Fuegen, Ozlem Kalinli, Yatharth Saraf, Michael L. Seltzer

Proceedings of the Interspeech 2021, 22nd Annual Conference of the International Speech Communication Association, Brno, Czechia, 30 August, 2021

Semantic Distance: A New Metric for ASR Performance Analysis Towards Spoken Language Understanding.

Suyoun Kim, Abhinav Arora, Duc Le, Ching-Feng Yeh, Christian Fuegen, Ozlem Kalinli, Michael L. Seltzer

Proceedings of the Interspeech 2021, 22nd Annual Conference of the International Speech Communication Association, Brno, Czechia, 30 August, 2021

Do Sound Event Representations Generalize to Other Audio Tasks? A Case Study in Audio Transfer Learning.

Anurag Kumar, Yun Wang, Vamsi Krishna Ithapu, Christian Fuegen

Proceedings of the Interspeech 2021, 22nd Annual Conference of the International Speech Communication Association, Brno, Czechia, 30 August, 2021

Contrastive Semi-Supervised Learning for ASR.

Alex Xiao, Christian Fuegen, Abdelrahman Mohamed

Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, 2021

Memory-Efficient Speech Recognition on Smart Devices.

Ganesh Venkatesh, Alagappan Valliappan, Jay Mahadeokar, Yuan Shangguan, Christian Fuegen, Michael L. Seltzer, Vikas Chandra

Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, 2021

A Time-Domain Convolutional Recurrent Network for Packet Loss Concealment.

Ju Lin, Yun Wang, Kaustubh Kalgaonkar, Gil Keren, Didi Zhang, Christian Fuegen

Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, 2021

Improved Neural Language Model Fusion for Streaming Recurrent Neural Network Transducer.

Suyoun Kim, Yuan Shangguan, Jay Mahadeokar, Antoine Bruguier, Christian Fuegen, Michael L. Seltzer, Duc Le

Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, 2021

2020

Interactive Text-to-Speech via Semi-supervised Style Transfer Learning.

Yang Gao, Weiyi Zheng, Zhaojun Yang, Thilo Köhler, Christian Fuegen, Qing He

CoRR, 2020

Large Scale Weakly and Semi-Supervised Learning for Low-Resource Video ASR.

Kritika Singh, Vimal Manohar, Alex Xiao, Sergey Edunov, Ross B. Girshick, Vitaliy Liptchinsky, Christian Fuegen, Yatharth Saraf, Geoffrey Zweig, Abdelrahman Mohamed

Proceedings of the Interspeech 2020, 2020

Weak-Attention Suppression for Transformer Based Speech Recognition.

Yangyang Shi, Yongqiang Wang, Chunyang Wu, Christian Fuegen, Frank Zhang, Duc Le, Ching-Feng Yeh, Michael L. Seltzer

Proceedings of the Interspeech 2020, 2020

Interactive Text-to-Speech System via Joint Style Analysis.

Yang Gao, Weiyi Zheng, Zhaojun Yang, Thilo Köhler, Christian Fuegen, Qing He

Proceedings of the Interspeech 2020, 2020

Transformer-Based Acoustic Modeling for Hybrid Speech Recognition.

Yongqiang Wang, Abdelrahman Mohamed, Duc Le, Chunxi Liu, Alex Xiao, Jay Mahadeokar, Hongzhao Huang, Andros Tjandra, Xiaohui Zhang, Frank Zhang, Christian Fuegen, Geoffrey Zweig, Michael L. Seltzer

Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, 2020

G2G: TTS-Driven Pronunciation Learning for Graphemic Hybrid ASR.

Duc Le, Thilo Köhler, Christian Fuegen, Michael L. Seltzer

Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, 2020

Libri-Light: A Benchmark for ASR with Limited or No Supervision.

Jacob Kahn, Morgane Rivière, Weiyi Zheng, Evgeny Kharitonov, Qiantong Xu, Pierre-Emmanuel Mazaré, Julien Karadayi, Vitaliy Liptchinsky, Ronan Collobert, Christian Fuegen, Tatiana Likhomanenko, Gabriel Synnaeve, Armand Joulin, Abdelrahman Mohamed, Emmanuel Dupoux

Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, 2020

Spatial Attention for Far-Field Speech Recognition with Deep Beamforming Neural Networks.

Weipeng He, Lu Lu, Biqiao Zhang, Jay Mahadeokar, Kaustubh Kalgaonkar, Christian Fuegen

Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, 2020

2019

RNN-T For Latency Controlled ASR With Improved Beam Search.

Mahaveer Jain, Kjell Schubert, Jay Mahadeokar, Ching-Feng Yeh, Kaustubh Kalgaonkar, Anuroop Sriram, Christian Fuegen, Michael L. Seltzer

CoRR, 2019

Transformer-Transducer: End-to-End Speech Recognition with Self-Attention.

Ching-Feng Yeh, Jay Mahadeokar, Kaustubh Kalgaonkar, Yongqiang Wang, Duc Le, Mahaveer Jain, Kjell Schubert, Christian Fuegen, Michael L. Seltzer

CoRR, 2019

Joint Grapheme and Phoneme Embeddings for Contextual End-to-End ASR.

Zhehuai Chen, Mahaveer Jain, Yongqiang Wang, Michael L. Seltzer, Christian Fuegen

Proceedings of the Interspeech 2019, 2019

End-to-end Contextual Speech Recognition Using Class Language Models and a Token Passing Decoder.

Zhehuai Chen, Mahaveer Jain, Yongqiang Wang, Michael L. Seltzer, Christian Fuegen

Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, 2019

From Senones to Chenones: Tied Context-Dependent Graphemes for Hybrid Speech Recognition.

Duc Le, Xiaohui Zhang, Weiyi Zheng, Christian Fügen, Geoffrey Zweig, Michael L. Seltzer

Proceedings of the IEEE Automatic Speech Recognition and Understanding Workshop, 2019

2018

Towards End-to-end Spoken Language Understanding.

Dmitriy Serdyuk, Yongqiang Wang, Christian Fuegen, Anuj Kumar, Baiyang Liu, Yoshua Bengio

Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, 2018

Knowledge Transfer from Weakly Labeled Audio Using Convolutional Neural Network for Sound Events and Scenes.

Anurag Kumar, Maksim Khadkevich, Christian Fügen

Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, 2018

2013

Maximum entropy language modeling for Russian ASR.

Evgeniy Shin, Sebastian Stüker, Kevin Kilgour, Christian Fügen, Alex Waibel

Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Spoken Language Translation: Papers, 2013

Efficient speech transcription through respeaking.

Matthias Sperber, Graham Neubig, Christian Fügen, Satoshi Nakamura, Alex Waibel

Proceedings of the INTERSPEECH 2013, 2013

A real-world system for simultaneous translation of German lectures.

Eunah Cho, Christian Fügen, Teresa Herrmann, Kevin Kilgour, Mohammed Mediani, Christian Mohr, Jan Niehues, Kay Rottmann, Christian Saam, Sebastian Stüker, Alex Waibel

Proceedings of the INTERSPEECH 2013, 2013

2009

A System for Simultaneous Translation of Lectures and Speeches.

Christian Fügen

PhD thesis, 2009

End-to-End Evaluation in Simultaneous Translation.

Olivier Hamon, Christian Fügen, Djamel Mostefa, Victoria Arranz, Muntsin Kolss, Alex Waibel, Khalid Choukri

Proceedings of the EACL 2009, 12th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Proceedings of the Conference, Athens, Greece, March 30, 2009

2008

Spoken language translation.

Alex Waibel, Christian Fügen

IEEE Signal Process. Mag., 2008

2007

Enabling Multimodal Human-Robot Interaction for the Karlsruhe Humanoid Robot.

Rainer Stiefelhagen, Hazim Kemal Ekenel, Christian Fügen, Petra Gieselmann, Hartwig Holzapfel, Florian Kraft, Kai Nickel, Michael Voit, Alex Waibel

IEEE Trans. Robotics, 2007

Simultaneous translation of lectures and speeches.

Christian Fügen, Alex Waibel, Muntsin Kolss

Mach. Transl., 2007

The ISL 2007 English speech transcription system for european parliament speeches.

Sebastian Stüker, Christian Fügen, Florian Kraft, Matthias Wölfel

Proceedings of the INTERSPEECH 2007, 2007

The influence of utterance chunking on machine translation performance.

Christian Fügen, Muntsin Kolss

Proceedings of the INTERSPEECH 2007, 2007

Speech Translation Enhanced ASR for European Parliament Speeches - On the Influence of ASR Performance on Speech Translation.

Sebastian Stüker, Matthias Paulik, Muntsin Kolss, Christian Fügen, Alex Waibel

Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, 2007

Simultaneous multispeaker segmentation for automatic meeting recognition.

Kornel Laskowski, Christian Fügen, Tanja Schultz

Proceedings of the 15th European Signal Processing Conference, 2007

2006

The ISL RT-06S Speech-to-Text System.

Christian Fügen, Shajith Ikbal, Florian Kraft, Ken'ichi Kumatani, Kornel Laskowski, John W. McDonough, Mari Ostendorf, Sebastian Stüker, Matthias Wölfel

Proceedings of the Machine Learning for Multimodal Interaction, 2006

Multi-source far-distance microphone selection and combination for automatic transcription of lectures.

Matthias Wölfel, Christian Fügen, Shajith Ikbal, John W. McDonough

Proceedings of the INTERSPEECH 2006, 2006

Cross-system adaptation and combination for continuous speech recognition: the influence of phoneme set and acoustic front-end.

Sebastian Stüker, Christian Fügen, Susanne Burger, Matthias Wölfel

Proceedings of the INTERSPEECH 2006, 2006

Tracking and beamforming for multiple simultaneous speakers with probabilistic data association filters.

Tobias Gehrig, Ulrich Klee, John W. McDonough, Shajith Ikbal, Matthias Wölfel, Christian Fügen

Proceedings of the INTERSPEECH 2006, 2006

Advances in lecture recognition: the ISL RT-06s evaluation system.

Christian Fügen, Matthias Wölfel, John W. McDonough, Shajith Ikbal, Florian Kraft, Kornel Laskowski, Mari Ostendorf, Sebastian Stüker, Ken'ichi Kumatani

Proceedings of the INTERSPEECH 2006, 2006

Open Domain Speech Recognition & Translation: Lectures and Speeches.

Christian Fügen, Muntsin Kolss, Dietmar Bernreuther, Matthias Paulik, Sebastian Stüker, Stephan Vogel, Alex Waibel

Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics Speech and Signal Processing, 2006

2005

Document driven machine translation enhanced ASR.

Matthias Paulik, Christian Fügen, Sebastian Stüker, Tanja Schultz, Thomas Schaaf, Alex Waibel

Proceedings of the INTERSPEECH 2005, 2005

Rapid porting of ASR-systems to mobile devices.

Thilo Köhler, Christian Fügen, Sebastian Stüker, Alex Waibel

Proceedings of the INTERSPEECH 2005, 2005

Automatically Transcribing Meetings using Distant Microphones.

Florian Metze, Christian Fügen, Yue Pan, Alex Waibel

Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, 2005

2004

Natural human-robot interaction using speech, head pose and gestures.

Rainer Stiefelhagen, Christian Fügen, Petra Gieselmann, Hartwig Holzapfel, Kai Nickel, Alex Waibel

Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, Sendai, Japan, September 28, 2004

Issues in meeting transcription - the ISL meeting transcription system.

Tanja Schultz, Qin Jin, Kornel Laskowski, Yue Pan, Florian Metze, Christian Fügen

Proceedings of the INTERSPEECH 2004, 2004

Tight coupling of speech recognition and dialog management - dialog-context dependent grammar weighting for speech recognition.

Christian Fügen, Hartwig Holzapfel, Alex Waibel

Proceedings of the INTERSPEECH 2004, 2004

Towards language portability in statistical speech translation.

Alex Waibel, Tanja Schultz, Stephan Vogel, Christian Fügen, Matthias Honal, Muntsin Kolss, Jürgen Reichert, Sebastian Stüker

Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, 2004

The 2003 ISL rich transcription system for conversational telephony speech.

Hagen Soltau, Hua Yu, Florian Metze, Christian Fügen, Qin Jin, Szu-Chen Stan Jou

Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, 2004

2002

Interlingua based statistical machine translation.

Manuel Kauers, Stephan Vogel, Christian Fügen, Alex Waibel

Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Spoken Language Processing, ICSLP2002, 2002

Integrating Emotional Cues into a Framework for Dialogue Management.

Hartwig Holzapfel, Christian Fügen, Matthias Denecke, Alex Waibel

Proceedings of the 4th IEEE International Conference on Multimodal Interfaces (ICMI 2002), 2002

Efficient language model lookahead through polymorphic linguistic context assignment.

Hagen Soltau, Florian Metze, Christian Fügen, Alex Waibel

Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, 2002

2001

LingWear: A Mobile Tourist Information System.

Christian Fügen, Martin Westphal, Mike Schneider, Tanja Schultz, Alex Waibel

Proceedings of the First International Conference on Human Language Technology Research, 2001

2000

Integrating dynamic speech modalities into context decision trees.

Christian Fügen, Ivica Rogina

Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, 2000