Paulo Carvalho

According to our database, Paulo Carvalho authored at least 64 papers between 2011 and 2026.

Collaborative distances:

• Dijkstra number of five.
• Erdős number of four.

2026

Language Preferences and Practices in Multilingual EdTech: Flexible Primary Language Use with Secondary Language Support.

Christine Kwon, Phenyo Phemelo Moletsane, Michael W. Asher, Dieyu Ouyang, Lingkan Wang, Debbie Eleene Conejo, John C. Stamper, Paulo F. Carvalho, Amy Ogan

CoRR, April, 2026

Investigating the Efficacy of Mastery-Based Tests in Fostering Effective Self-Regulated Learning Behaviors in CS1 Courses.

Joyce Gill, Michael W. Asher, Paulo F. Carvalho

Proceedings of the 57th ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education V.2, 2026

Can Multilingual Environments Promote Scalable EdTech? Evidence from a Randomized Controlled Trial.

Phenyo Phemelo Moletsane, Christine Kwon, John C. Stamper, Amy Ogan, Paulo F. Carvalho

Proceedings of the Thirteenth ACM Conference on Learning @ Scale, 2026

Benefit or Bottleneck? Assessing the Impact of Structured Reflection on Learning from AI-Driven Explanatory Feedback.

Michael W. Asher, Gillian Gold, Paulo F. Carvalho

Proceedings of the Thirteenth ACM Conference on Learning @ Scale, 2026

Generate-Then-Validate: A Novel Question Generation Approach Using Small Language Models.

Yumou Wei, John C. Stamper, Paulo F. Carvalho

Proceedings of the LAK26: 16th International Learning Analytics and Knowledge Conference, 2026

Active Learning Beyond Borders: PEOE Enhancement of Explanatory Understanding in Japanese Undergraduates.

Yugo Hayashi, Shigen Shimojo, Paulo F. Carvalho, Kenneth R. Koedinger

Proceedings of the LAK26: 16th International Learning Analytics and Knowledge Conference, 2026

AI Knows Best? The Paradox of Expertise, AI-Reliance, and Performance in Educational Tutoring Decision-Making Tasks.

Eason Chen, Jeffrey Li, Scarlett Huang, Xinyi Tang, Jionghao Lin, Paulo Carvalho, Kenneth R. Koedinger

Proceedings of the LAK26: 16th International Learning Analytics and Knowledge Conference, 2026

Inclusive Mobile Learning: How Technology-Enabled Language Choice Supports Multilingual Students.

Phenyo Phemelo Moletsane, Michael W. Asher, Christine Kwon, Paulo F. Carvalho, Amy Ogan

Proceedings of the 2026 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 2026

Will They Try Again? A Large-Scale RCT on Scaffolds that Support Persistence in an Intelligent Tutoring System.

Michael W. Asher, Yumou Wei, Adam Daniel Reynolds, Amy Ogan, Paulo F. Carvalho

Proceedings of the 2026 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 2026

Evaluating a Data-Driven Redesign Process for Intelligent Tutoring Systems.

Qianru Lyu, Conrad Borchers, Meng Xia, Karen Xiao, Paulo Carvalho, Kenneth R. Koedinger, Vincent Aleven

Proceedings of the Artificial Intelligence in Education - 27th International Conference, 2026

2025

Capturing Session-to-Session Dynamics of Learning and Forgetting: Testing the Limits of Knowledge Tracing Models.

Brendan A. Schuetze, Veronica X. Yan, Paulo F. Carvalho

Int. J. Artif. Intell. Educ., December, 2025

Evidence and Theory for why the Best Example-Problem Ratio To Optimize Learning Gain Depends on Knowledge Content.

Napol Rachatasumrit, Kenneth R. Koedinger, Paulo F. Carvalho

Int. J. Artif. Intell. Educ., December, 2025

Small but Significant: On the Promise of Small Language Models for Accessible AIED.

Yumou Wei, Paulo Carvalho, John C. Stamper

CoRR, May, 2025

An Integrated Platform for Studying Learning with Intelligent Tutoring Systems: CTAT+TutorShop.

Vincent Aleven, Conrad Borchers, Yun Huang, Tomohiro Nagashima, Bruce M. McLaren, Paulo Carvalho, Octav Popescu, Jonathan Sewall, Kenneth R. Koedinger

CoRR, February, 2025

The promise of mastery-based testing for promoting student engagement, self-regulated learning, and performance in gateway STEM courses.

Michael W. Asher, Joshua D. Hartman, Mark Blaser, Jack F. Eichler, Paulo F. Carvalho

Comput. Educ., 2025

Validating a New Approach for Measuring Student Engagement in Remote, Low-Infrastructure Learning Environments.

Michael W. Asher, Christine Kwon, John C. Stamper, Amy Ogan, Paulo F. Carvalho

Proceedings of the Twelfth ACM Conference on Learning @ Scale, 2025

Does the Doer Effect Generalize To Non-WEIRD Populations? Toward Analytics in Radio and Phone-Based Learning.

Darren Butler, Conrad Borchers, Michael W. Asher, Yongmin Lee, Sonya Karnataki, Sameeksha Dangi, Samyukta Athreya, John C. Stamper, Amy Ogan, Paulo Carvalho

Proceedings of the 15th International Learning Analytics and Knowledge Conference, 2025

KCluster: An LLM-based Clustering Approach to Knowledge Component Discovery.

Yumou Wei, Paulo Carvalho, John C. Stamper

Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Educational Data Mining, 2025

Can Motivated Students Do More Activities?

Arun Balajiee Lekshmi Narayanan, Michael W. Asher, Peter Brusilovsky, Paulo F. Carvalho

Proceedings of 9th Educational Data Mining in Computer Science Education (CSEDM) Workshop co-located with the 18th Educational Data Mining Conference (EDM 2025), 2025

9th Educational Data Mining in Computer Science Education (CSEDM) Workshop.

Bita Akram, Yang Shi, Peter Brusilovsky, Thomas W. Price, Ken Koedinger, Paulo Carvalho, Shan Zhang, Andrew S. Lan, Juho Leinonen

Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Educational Data Mining, 2025

Goal Setting Engages More Caregivers in Online Math Homework than Instructional Support.

Conrad Borchers, Ha Tien Nguyen, Paulo F. Carvalho, Kenneth R. Koedinger, Vincent Aleven

Proceedings of the Two Decades of TEL. From Lessons Learnt to Challenges Ahead, 2025

To Honor or Dishonor Student Choices? The Impact of Self-Regulation on Instructional Methods and Learning Outcomes.

Gillian Gold, Michael W. Asher, Paulo F. Carvalho

Proceedings of the 47th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society, 2025

What's going on? Surprising difficulties in complex relational rule discovery.

Julia J. Conti, Kenneth R. Koedinger, Paulo F. Carvalho

Proceedings of the 47th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society, 2025

Optimizing Learning Efficiency: Balancing Spacing and Repetition Under Time Constraints.

Meng Cao, Veronica X. Yan, Faria Sana, Paulo F. Carvalho

Proceedings of the 47th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society, 2025

Adaptive Spaced Retrieval Practice in Algebra I: A Classroom-Based Study.

Meng Cao, Paulo F. Carvalho

Proceedings of the 47th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society, 2025

Identifying Effective Praise in Tutoring: Large Language Models with Transparent Explanations.

Eason Chen, Jeffrey Li, Scarlett Huang, Xinyi Tang, Jionghao Lin, Paulo Carvalho, Kenneth R. Koedinger

Proceedings of the Artificial Intelligence in Education - 26th International Conference, 2025

Student Perceptions of Adaptive Goal Setting Recommendations: A Design Prototyping Study.

Conrad Borchers, Cindy Peng, Qianru Lyu, Paulo F. Carvalho, Kenneth R. Koedinger, Vincent Aleven

Proceedings of the Artificial Intelligence in Education - 26th International Conference, 2025

Involving Parents in Tutoring Systems to Increase Content Confidence: A Design Probe Study.

Conrad Borchers, Ha Tien Nguyen, Paulo F. Carvalho, Kenneth R. Koedinger, Vincent Aleven

Proceedings of the Artificial Intelligence in Education - 26th International Conference, 2025

2024

Does the Doer Effect Exist Beyond WEIRD Populations? Toward Analytics in Radio and Phone-Based Learning.

Darren Butler, Conrad Borchers, Michael W. Asher, Yongmin Lee, Sonya Karnataki, Sameeksha Dangi, Samyukta Athreya, John C. Stamper, Amy Ogan, Paulo F. Carvalho

CoRR, 2024

Uncovering Name-Based Biases in Large Language Models Through Simulated Trust Game.

Yumou Wei, Paulo F. Carvalho, John C. Stamper

CoRR, 2024

Beyond Repetition: The Role of Varied Questioning and Feedback in Knowledge Generalization.

Gautam Yadav, Paulo F. Carvalho, Elizabeth A. McLaughlin, Kenneth R. Koedinger

Proceedings of the Eleventh ACM Conference on Learning @ Scale, 2024

Content Matters: A Computational Investigation into the Effectiveness of Retrieval Practice and Worked Examples (Extended Abstract).

Napol Rachatasumrit, Paulo F. Carvalho, Sophie Li, Kenneth R. Koedinger

Proceedings of the Thirty-Third International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, 2024

Beyond Accuracy: Embracing Meaningful Parameters in Educational Data Mining.

Napol Rachatasumrit, Paulo Carvalho, Kenneth R. Koedinger

Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Educational Data Mining, 2024

Students Can Learn More Efficiently When Lectures Are Replaced with Practice Opportunities and Feedback.

Michael W. Asher, Faria Sana, Kenneth R. Koedinger, Paulo Carvalho

Proceedings of the 46th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society, 2024

2023

What Makes Problem-Solving Practice Effective? Comparing Paper and AI Tutoring.

Conrad Borchers, Paulo F. Carvalho, Meng Xia, Pinyang Liu, Kenneth R. Koedinger, Vincent Aleven

Proceedings of the Responsive and Sustainable Educational Futures, 2023

Content Matters: A Computational Investigation into the Effectiveness of Retrieval Practice and Worked Examples.

Napol Rachatasumrit, Paulo F. Carvalho, Sophie Li, Kenneth R. Koedinger

Proceedings of the Artificial Intelligence in Education - 24th International Conference, 2023

2022

A Computational Model of Context-Dependent Encodings During Category Learning.

Paulo F. Carvalho, Robert L. Goldstone

Cogn. Sci., 2022

Learning depends on knowledge: The benefits of retrieval practice vary for facts and skills.

Paulo Carvalho, Napol Rachatasumrit, Kenneth R. Koedinger

Proceedings of the 44th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society, 2022

Educational Equity Through Combined Human-AI Personalization: A Propensity Matching Evaluation.

Danielle R. Chine, Cassandra Brentley, Carmen Thomas-Browne, J. Elizabeth Richey, Abdulmenaf Gul, Paulo F. Carvalho, Lee G. Branstetter, Kenneth R. Koedinger

Proceedings of the Artificial Intelligence in Education - 23rd International Conference, 2022

2020

The attentional demands of learning by doing: A developmental study.

Karrie E. Godwin, Paulo Carvalho

Proceedings of the 42th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society, 2020

Comprehensive Views of Math Learners: A Case for Modeling and Supporting Non-math Factors in Adaptive Math Software.

J. Elizabeth Richey, Nikki G. Lobczowski, Paulo F. Carvalho, Kenneth R. Koedinger

Proceedings of the Artificial Intelligence in Education - 21st International Conference, 2020

2019

Comprehension Factor Analysis: Modeling student's reading behaviour: Accounting for reading practice in predicting students' learning in MOOCs.

Khushboo Thaker, Paulo Carvalho, Kenneth R. Koedinger

Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Learning Analytics & Knowledge, 2019

Square it up!: How to model step duration when predicting student performance.

Irene-Angelica Chounta, Paulo F. Carvalho

Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Learning Analytics & Knowledge, 2019

2018

Embedding Experiments: Staking Causal Inference in Authentic Educational Contexts.

Benjamin A. Motz, Paulo F. Carvalho, Joshua de Leeuw, Robert L. Goldstone

J. Learn. Anal., August, 2018

Will Time Tell? Exploring the Relationship Between Step Duration and Student Performance.

Irene-Angelica Chounta, Paulo Carvalho

Proceedings of the Rethinking learning in the digital age: Making the Learning Sciences count, 2018

Analyzing the relative learning benefits of completing required activities and optional readings in online courses.

Paulo F. Carvalho, Min Gao, Benjamin A. Motz, Ken Koedinger

Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Educational Data Mining, 2018

Week-long practice matching 2D objects by shape improves 3D shape bias and accelerates children vocabulary growth.

Paulo F. Carvalho, Linda B. Smith

Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society, 2018

Not all Active Learning is Equal: Predicting and Explaining Improves Transfer Relative to Answering Practice Questions.

Paulo F. Carvalho, Kody Manke, Ken Koedinger

Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society, 2018

Understanding the Dynamics of Learning: The Case for Studying Interactions.

Paulo F. Carvalho

Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society, 2018

2017

Is there an explicit learning bias? Students beliefs, behaviors and learning outcomes.

Paulo F. Carvalho, Elizabeth A. McLaughlin, Ken Koedinger

Proceedings of the 39th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society, 2017

The most efficient sequence of study depends on the type of test.

Paulo F. Carvalho, Robert L. Goldstone

Proceedings of the 39th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society, 2017

2016

Variability in category learning: The Effect of Context Change and Item Variation on Knowledge Generalization.

Dustin Finch, Paulo F. Carvalho, Robert L. Goldstone

Proceedings of the 38th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society, 2016

Which Statistic Matters? Effects of Category Size and Distribution on Statistical Category Learning.

Chi-hsin Chen, Paulo Carvalho, Chen Yu

Proceedings of the 38th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society, 2016

The sequence of study changes what is encoded during category learning.

Paulo F. Carvalho, Robert L. Goldstone

Proceedings of the 38th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society, 2016

2015

Can You Repeat That? The Effect of Item Repetition on Interleaved and Blocked Study.

Abigail Kost, Paulo F. Carvalho, Robert L. Goldstone

Proceedings of the 37th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society, 2015

Effectiveness of Learner-Regulated Study Sequence: An in-vivo study in Introductory Psychology course.

Paulo F. Carvalho, David W. Braithwaite, Josh de Leeuw, Benjamin A. Motz, Robert L. Goldstone

Proceedings of the 37th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society, 2015

2014

Similarity-based Ordering of Instances for Efficient Concept Learning.

Erik Weitnauer, Paulo F. Carvalho, Robert L. Goldstone, Helge J. Ritter

Proceedings of the 36th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society, 2014

Effects of interleaved and blocked study in a 24 hour delayed transfer test.

Paulo F. Carvalho, Robert L. Goldstone

Proceedings of the 36th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society, 2014

2013

Grouping by Similarity Helps Concept Learning.

Erik Weitnauer, Paulo F. Carvalho, Robert L. Goldstone, Helge J. Ritter

Proceedings of the 35th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society, 2013

An eyetracking study of children's relational thinking: The role of labels and sustained attention.

Paulo F. Carvalho, Catarina Vales, Caitlin M. Fausey, Linda B. Smith

Proceedings of the 35th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society, 2013

How to present exemplars of several categories? Interleave during active learning and block during passive learning.

Paulo F. Carvalho, Robert L. Goldstone

Proceedings of the 35th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society, 2013

2012

Going to Extremes: The influence of unsupervised categories on the mental caricaturization of faces and asymmetries in perceptual discrimination.

Andrew Hendrickson, Paulo F. Carvalho, Robert L. Goldstone

Proceedings of the 34th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society, 2012

Category structure modulates interleaving and blocking advantage in inductive category acquisition.

Paulo F. Carvalho, Robert L. Goldstone

Proceedings of the 34th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society, 2012

2011

Sequential similarity and comparison effects in category learning.

Paulo F. Carvalho, Robert L. Goldstone

Proceedings of the 33th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society, 2011